Table 1.
Small-molecule inhibitors of influenza A.
| Molecules | Targeting | Model Studied | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EGCG | NS1 | MDCK cells | Decreased the viral NS1 level and viral replication | [71] |
| Quinoxaline | NS1 | MDCK cells | Inhibiting viral replication | [72] |
| JJ3297 | NS1 | MEF cells | Reduced virus replication and produce level of IFN | [74] |
| A22 | NS1 | NMR | Interrupt the NS1-CPSF30 binding | [75] |
| Compound 32056, 31674 | NS1 | MM-PBSA | Binding with NS1 near the W187 | [76] |
| NSC 109834, 128164, 95676, 125044 | NS1 | MDCK cells | Reduced viral M2 protein and RNAs | [77] |
| pyrazolopyridine | NS1 | MDCK cells | Inhibition of virus replication | [78] |
| Compound 3 | NS1 | MDCK cells | Decreased viral protein and replication | [79,80] |
| Baicalin | NS1 | A549 cells | Reduced virus replication and viral NP transcription | [81] |
| RNA oligonucleotide | NS1 | chicken embryo fibroblast cells | Interference to the viral transcription and replication | [82] |
| AG879, tyrphostin A9 | Receptor tyrosine kinases | A549 cells | Inhibit the Crm1 nuclear export pathway and viral RNA synthesis | [83] |
| Quinoline acid | dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | MDCK cells | Inhibition of production pyrimidines that limits virus replication | [84] |
EGCG: Epigallocatechin gallate; NS1: Non-structural protein 1; MDCK: Madin-Darby Canine Kidney; IFN: Interferon; MEF: Mouse embryonic fibroblast; MM-PBSA: Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area.