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. 2021 Apr 20;13(4):712. doi: 10.3390/v13040712

Figure 6.

Figure 6

(E)-Guggulsterone induces IFN-mediated antiviral gene expression. (a,b) (E)-Guggulsterone induced the ISRE promoter activity in parental Huh-7 and DENV-infected Huh-7 cells. Huh-7 cells were transfected with pISR-Luc and then treated with the indicated concentrations of guggulsterone (0–20 μM) for 3 days. The relative induction of ISRE promoter activity was determined using a luciferase assay. The relative induction of promoter activity was determined by luciferase assay and presented as fold activation compared to the DENV-infected cells treated with 0.1% DMSO, designed as “0”. (E)-Guggulsterone increased the mRNA levels of (c) OAS1, (d) OAS2, and (e) OAS3 in DENV-infected Huh-7 cells. DENV-infected Huh-7 cells were treated with the indicated (E)-guggulsterone concentrations (0–20 μM) for 3 days. The mRNA level of OAS1-3 was analyzed using RT-qPCR. The relative percent induction was compared to the DENV-infected cells treated with 0.1% DMSO, defined as 100%. (f) (E)-guggulsterone exhibited slightly antiviral activity in Vero.STAT1 KO cells. DENV-infected Vero.STAT1 KO cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of (E)-guggulsterone for 3 days, and the DENV protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting. Here, “0” was regarded as the treatment with 0.1% DMSO. Error bars indicate the mean ± SD of five independent experiments (n = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.