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. 2021 Apr 26;19:167. doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-02818-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Visualization of new image features and clinic proposed features. Column 1 and 2: fundus images of two patients with severe MM. Column 3 and 4: fundus images of two patients without severe MM. The first row: the macula-centered fundus images. The second row: the corresponding optic disc-centered fundus images. The third row: AreaPPA (PPA areas. We chose patients with similar PPA areas as examples, only by counting areas could not distinguish if a patient had severe MM or not). The fourth row: firstorder_Energy_B (energy of PPA). Higher values of firstorder_Energy_B meant brighter intensity in PPA region. The fifth row: PPAweight_u20R (pixel distribution of PPA). Higher average values of PPAweight_u20R meant more rapid fluctuation of pixel values along broadwise direction of PPA region. The sixth row: firstorder_Entropy_B (entropy of PPA). Higher value of firstorder_Entropy_B meant more complexity pixel values distribution in PPA region (zoomed from the rectangular in row 2rd fundus images). The seventh row: Coarseness_NGTDM (Coarseness of PPA). Higher Coarseness_NGTDM values meant a lower spatial change rate and a locally less nonuniform texture