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A simplified model of insulin-stimulated translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Shown is the canonical insulin signaling pathway, and a noncanonical pathway (inset in purple). Both signaling pathways culminate with SNARE protein (Syntaxin 4, SNAP23, and VAMP2)-mediated vesicle trafficking and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicle fusion allows GLUT4 to integrate into the plasma membrane and transport glucose from the blood into the skeletal muscle.
