Figure 4.

Strategy of Muse cell therapy. For example, in acute myocardial infarction, S1P as an alert signal is produced by the infarcted area and delivered to the bone marrow, where endogenous Muse cells are mobilized to the peripheral blood to increase the number of circulating Muse cells. The circulating Muse cells migrate to the infarcted area via the S1P–S1PR2 axis and replace damaged cells by spontaneous differentiation into tissue-appropriate cells to repair the cardiac tissue. When the number of endogenous Muse cells is insufficient, intravenous administration of exogenous Muse cells enhances the reparative activity, leading to successful tissue repair. This figure was reproduced with permission from Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (Springer, copyright 2018 [2]).