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. 2021 Mar 18;23(3):e22548. doi: 10.2196/22548

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©Kamshad Raiszadeh, Jonathan Tapicer, Lissa Taitano, Jonathan Wu, Bahar Shahidi. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 18.03.2021.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Mean and SDs for low back pain (A) and disability (B) between O-IPU (online) and C-IPU (in-clinic) groups at treatment baseline and discharge. IPU: integrated practice unit; NPRS: numeric pain rating scale; ODI: Oswestry disability index.