Table 5.

Coaching methods.

Method	Description
Systematic observation [7,23]	Systematic observation helps researchers to identify the instructional behaviors utilized by coaching practitioners within the practice environment. Observable and measurable data have the potential to solidify the scientific basis of the coaching process. Systematic observation must be capable of accurately and comprehensibly recording human behavior within a human coaching context.
Interpretive interview [2,3]	Achievement of the coaching process remains with observational data collection supplied with in-depth interviews that allow for the acquisition and interpretation of rich qualitative data based on the behavioral strategies of coaching.
Knowledge exchange [5]	In the search for an understanding of the coaching process, it is necessary to analyze and investigate the shared experience between the coach and participant.
Pragmatism [3]	Coaching is not a collection of techniques to apply or dogma to adhere to, rather it is a discipline that requires freshness, innovation, and relentless correction according to the outcomes being produced.
Understanding of human psychology [7,69,73]	Psychological principles on which coaching is based are essential. Without psychological understanding, coaches might go through the motions of coaching or use the behaviors associated with coaching, such as questioning, but fail to achieve the intended results.
Experience [5,7,67]	Experience is a skill that helps to improve competence and coaching outcomes, such as future advancement.
Trust [1]	Trust is one of the complex issues for coaches, whether internal and external. It teaches how not to use personal information and not to disclose it to illegitimate people.
Relationship [1]	The relationship must be based on mutual respect, trust, and mutual freedom of speech.
Expression [1]	Language impacts the goals of coaching by providing a means to assist the participant in being self-correcting and self-generating. It is important to provide new language to the participant for better understanding and learning.
Mentoring [3,5]	Mentoring is a more formal process, based on a one-to-one relationship with someone in the organization. While a mentor can use all the coaching types, their purpose is broader in scope than that of a coach.
Values and motivation [1]	Values are ideas about what is good and bad, and how things should be. Motivation is the internally generated feeling that stimulates participants to act. Motivation is related to the needs and values that have a correlation with intrinsic motivation.
Feedback [1,4]	Feedback is important for coaches to improve their learning environment.
Evidence based [4,7]	Evidence-based life coaching can enhance health, quality of life, and goal achievement.
Contextual [4,7,69]	Understanding the context is essential in coaching perspective, as it gives insights into why many participants either fail to use or resist the coaching approach.
Decision making [2,5,7]	Decision making includes data collection related to coaching, the privacy of the collected data, data cleaning, statistical analysis on the collected data, and the development of a machine learning model for prediction or regression analysis.
Goal based (goal setting) and evaluation [3,5,23,59]	Goals must be stated and measurable. Goals include clearly stated pathways to the preferred alternative by identifying strategies. Goal setting and goal evaluation are two essential parts of a behavioral intervention to determine the effectiveness of coaching. Goals must be specific, measurable, actionable, relevant, and time related. Evaluation of goals is important to understand the strengths and limitations of participants to set further attainable goals when necessary and reach the objectives.
Self-efficacy [9]	Self-efficacy has its core in social learning theory. It can be explained as the general or definite belief that people have concerning their capability to accomplish assigned tasks.
Personalization [21]	The concept of personalization or user tailoring is used in coaching to explain the variation in preferences between groups of participants and within the groups of participants to make recommendations more effective.
Persuasion [57]	Persuasion is a process that has been designed to change negative attitudes or behaviors of participants through advice, faith, and social influence. It is regularly used in the domain of public health where human-human or human-computer interaction is applied. It can be categorized as instruction style (authoritative and nonauthoritative), social feedback (cooperative and competitive), motivation type (extrinsic and intrinsic), and reinforcement type (negative and positive) [22].
Interaction and co-creation [70]	People are subject to self-regulation failures as follows: cravings, distractions, and deferring the right things. Therefore, people may need guidance through an eCoaching process to achieve the intended goal. Interaction is an integral part of pervasive computing that guides people to “do the right thing.” It requires improving automated logging of health (behavior) data and integrating this into coaching processes, as well as designing more intelligent and interactive coaching processes that incorporate user preferences and plans, contextual/situational priorities, and health data consequences. For successful design, the concept of co-creation or co-design is essential, where the system is designed together with its users.