Table 1.
Mouse studies reporting ACE2 expression or SARS-CoV-2 infection in the olfactory epithelium, virus presence in the brain, and loss of smell
| Authors | Date of publication (preprint) 2020/2021 | ACE2 expression models | ACE2 in identified cell types | SARS-CoV-2 in identified cell types | dpi examined (brain) | Virus in brain? | Method of virus detection in the brain | Behavior: loss of smell | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SC | ORN | SC | ORN | |||||||
| Bilinska et al. [8] | 5/7/20 | WT mouse | Most | No | ||||||
| Baxter et al. [6] | (5/15/20) | WT mouse | No | |||||||
| Ziegler et al. [106] | 5/28/20 | WT mouse | Some | |||||||
| Brann et al. [11] | (5/18/20) 7/28/20 | WT mouse | Yes | No | ||||||
| Leist et al. [57] | 9/12/20 | WT mouse, mouse-adapted virus | Yes | 2 | No | PCR | ||||
| Bao et al. [2] | 5/7/20 | hACE2 mouse: exogenous murine ACE2 pr | 1, 3, 5, 7 | No | PCR | |||||
| Hassan et al. * [45] | 8/16/20 | hACE2 mouse: AV, CMV pr | 4 | "Low” | PCR | |||||
| Rathnasinghe et al. * [80] | 11/6/20 | hACE2 mouse: AV, CMV pr | 2, 5 | No | PF, ICn | |||||
| Sun et al. [91] | 6/10/20 | hACE2 mouse: murine ACE2 pr | 6 | Yes, at 6 dpi | PCR, ICs | |||||
| Zhou et al. [105] | (10/27/20) | hACE2 mouse: endogenous murine ACE2 pr | 2, 4 | Yes, some at 4 dpi | PCR | |||||
| Ye et al. [98] | (11/10/20) | hACE2 mouse: endogenous murine ACE2 pr | Most | Very few | Most | Yes at 4 dpi | 2, 4 | No, except PCR, at 2 dpi | PCR, ISH, ICn | Yes, at 2 dpi |
| Jiang et al. [51] | (5/21/20) 7/9/20 | hACE2 mouse: HFH4/FOXJ1 pr | 1, 3, 5, 7 | Yes, at 5–7 dpi | PCR | |||||
| Yinda et al. [99] | (8/11/20) 1/19/21 | hACE2 mouse: K18 pr | 3, 7 | Yes, at 3, 7 dpi (IC) | PCR, ICn | |||||
| Winkler et al. [101] | (8/24/20) 2/24/21 | hACE2 mouse: K18 pr | 2, 4, 7 | Yes, at 2, 4, 7 dpi | PCR, PF | |||||
| Song et al. [89] | (9/8/20) 1/12/21) | hACE2 Mouse: K18 pr | 2, 4, 7 | Yes, at 2, 4, 7 dpi | PCR, ICn, PF | |||||
| Golden et al. [41] | 10/2/20 | hACE2 mouse: K18 pr | 3, 5–11 | Yes, at 5–11 dpi | ISH, ICs | |||||
| Rathnasinghe et al. [80] | 11/6/20 | hACE2 mouse: K18 pr | 2, 5, 6 | Yes, at 2, 5, 6 dpi | PF, ICn | |||||
| Zheng et al. [104] | (8/10/20) 11/9/20 | hACE2 mouse: K18 pr | Yes | 2, 4, 6 | Yes, at 4, 6 dpi | PF, ICn | Yes, at 2–3 dpi | |||
| Oladunni et al. [76] | 11/30/20 | hACE2 Mouse: K18 pr | 2, 4, 6 | Yes, at 4, 6 dpi | PF | |||||
| Kumari et al. [54] | (12/14/20) | hACE2 mouse: K18 pr | 1, 3, 5, 6 | Yes, at 3–6 dpi | PCR, PF, ICs | |||||
| Carossino et al. [21] | (1/13/21) 1/19/21 | hACE2 mouse: K18 pr | 2, 4, 6/7, 14 | Yes, at 4, 6/7 dpi | ICs, ISH | |||||
ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, AV adenovirus vector, CMV cytomegalovirus, dpi day post infection, hACE2 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, HFH4/FOXJ1 human forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1) promoter, ICn immunocytochemistry against the nucleocapsid protein, ICs immunocytochemistry against the spike protein, ISH in situ hybridization, K18 cytokeratin K18 promoter, olf. olfactory, ORN olfactory receptor neuron, PCR polymerase chain reaction, PF plaque formation, pr promoter, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SC sustentacular cell, WT wild-type
*These mice use CMV as promoter for ACE2 expression with yet uncharacterized expression in different cell types