Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by sex-specific quintile of calorie-adjusted daily potassium intake (mg/day), Rancho Bernardo Study, 1992–96 (n=1,363).
| Daily Potassium Intake, Quintilea | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Characteristic | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p-value |
| Education (years) | 0.04 | |||||
| ≤12 | 86 (31.5) | 62 (22.8) | 70 (25.7) | 68 (25.0) | 50 (18.2) | |
| 13–15 | 97 (35.5) | 93 (34.2) | 85 (31.2) | 85 (31.2) | 96 (35.0) | |
| 16 | 57 (20.9) | 81 (29.8) | 77 (28.3) | 72 (26.5) | 77 (28.1) | |
| 17+ | 33 (12.1) | 36 (13.2) | 40 (14.7) | 47 (17.3) | 51 (18.6) | |
| Smoking | 0.16 | |||||
| Never | 120 (44.0) | 125 (46.0) | 127 (47.0) | 111 (40.8) | 112 (41.0) | |
| Past | 126 (46.2) | 128 (47.1) | 126 (46.7) | 146 (53.7) | 148 (54.2) | |
| Current | 27 (9.9) | 19 (7.0) | 17 (6.3) | 15 (5.5) | 13 (4.8) | |
| Exercise (≥3/wk) | 175 (64.6) | 186 (68.4) | 194 (71.6) | 207 (76.1) | 223 (81.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 32 (11.7) | 39 (14.3) | 33 (12.1) | 39 (14.3) | 33 (12.0) | 0.80 |
| Hypertension | 137 (50.4) | 137 (50.4) | 142 (52.4) | 150 (55.1) | 144 (52.7) | 0.79 |
| Prevalent CVD | 42 (15.4) | 48 (17.6) | 44 (16.2) | 38 (14.0) | 55 (20.1) | 0.37 |
| Cancer | 32 (15.2) | 45 (20.5) | 26 (11.4) | 40 (16.9) | 38 (16.7) | 0.12 |
| eGFRb <60 | 46 (16.9) | 33 (12.3) | 46 (17.0) | 62 (23.0) | 36 (13.2) | 0.01 |
| Health rating | 0.65 | |||||
| Excellent | 61 (22.3) | 65 (23.9) | 75 (27.6) | 64 (23.7) | 68 (24.9) | |
| Very Good | 112 (41.0) | 121 (44.5) | 108 (39.7) | 125 (46.3) | 118 (43.2) | |
| Good | 75 (27.5) | 69 (25.4) | 60 (22.1) | 58 (21.5) | 66 (24.2) | |
| Fair or Poor | 25 (9.2) | 17 (6.2) | 29 (10.7) | 23 (8.5) | 21 (7.7) | |
| Number of diseases | 0.54 | |||||
| 0 | 90 (33.0) | 87 (32.0) | 79 (29.0) | 76 (27.9) | 77 (28.1) | |
| 1 | 94 (34.4) | 85 (31.2) | 108 (39.7) | 98 (36.0) | 96 (35.0) | |
| 2 or more | 89 (32.6) | 100 (36.8) | 85 (31.2) | 98 (36.0) | 101 (36.9) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 69.5 (11.4) | 70.8 (10.4) | 72.0 (10.6) | 72.7 (9.7) | 72.0 (10.7) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 (4.3) | 25.4 (4.3) | 25.4 (3.7) | 25.3 (3.9) | 25.1 (3.7) | 0.62 |
| Waist hip ratio | 0.84 (0.09) | 0.84 (0.10) | 0.84 (0.09) | 0.84 (0.10) | 0.84 (0.09) | 0.81 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 136.7 (22.0) | 136.0 (22.0) | 136.6 (21.7) | 137.0 (20.5) | 136.6 (23.4) | 0.99 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.3 (9.5) | 76.0 (9.8) | 76.2 (9.3) | 75.5 (8.8) | 74.8 (9.6) | 0.34 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 211.0 (35.7) | 209.0 (35.5) | 210.0 (36.3) | 208.8 (38.8) | 208.2 (35.9) | 0.90 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.6 (17.4) | 58.5 (18.9) | 58.2 (18.0) | 58.3 (16.6) | 58.8 (16.2) | 0.96 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 128.5 (32.9) | 125.6 (31.8) | 127.3 (30.9) | 125.5 (33.2) | 126.2 (33.1) | 0.79 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 124.6 (71.2) | 126.7 (85.1) | 115.4 (67.0) | 125.2 (95.0) | 116.1 (60.1) | 0.25 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) b | 77.2 (22.8) | 79.6 (18.8) | 76.6 (23.6) | 74.3 (19.0) | 77.0 (21.5) | 0.08 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 2199 (345) | 2694 (136) | 2963 (135) | 3254 (151) | 3887 (592) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/day) c | 1875 (461) | 1959 (338) | 2016 (332) | 2031 (346) | 2119 (547) | <0.001 |
| Total calories, (kcal) | 1987 (612) | 1693(512) | 1689 (497) | 1757(482) | 1965 (544) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (g) | 10.5 (13.0) | 9.0 (10.8) | 7.9 (9.2) | 7.6 (9.7) | 6.7 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Mon/sat fat ratio | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 849 (459) | 909 (485) | 932 (515) | 1034 (552) | 1268 (634) | <0.001 |
| Mediterranean diet | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.5) | 4.5 (1.6) | 4.9 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.6) | <0.001 |
a
Calorie-adjusted (to a 2000-calorie diet) potassium intake (mg) by sex-specific quintile:
Women: Q1≤ 2606, Q2=2607–2931, Q3=2932–3193, Q4=3194–3533, Q5≥3534;
Men: Q1≤ 2414, Q2=2415–2685, Q3=2686–2956, Q4=2957–3269, Q5≥3270;
b
eGFR, available on 1,347 participants
c
Sodium, available on 1,359 participants
CVD=cardiovascular disease; BP=blood pressure; HDL=high-density lipoprotein; LDL=low-density lipoprotein; eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate