Table 3.
nSEM Impact Model Results for Latent Word Reading, Non-Word Reading, Fluency, Reading Comprehension, Phonological Processing, and Observed Growth Mindset.
| Comparison | Outcome | Model | -2LL | nParm | AIC | BIC | Δ−2LL | Δdf | p | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading vs. BAU | Word Reading | Fixed | 7108.29 | 16 | 7140.29 | 7217.84 | ||||
| Freed | 7106.82 | 17 | 7140.82 | 7223.22 | 1.47 | 1 | .225 | 0.08 | ||
| Non Word Reading | Fixed | 6775.14 | 16 | 6807.14 | 6884.69 | |||||
| Freed | 6769.28 | 17 | 6803.28 | 6885.68 | 5.86 | 1 | .015* | 0.29 | ||
| Fluency | Fixed | 7706.40 | 16 | 7738.40 | 7815.93 | |||||
| Freed | 7702.55 | 17 | 7736.55 | 7818.93 | 3.85 | 1 | .050 | 0.13 | ||
| Reading Comp. | Fixed | 8025.15 | 16 | 8057.15 | 8134.65 | |||||
| Freed | 8023.53 | 17 | 8057.53 | 8139.87 | 1.62 | 1 | .203 | 0.19 | ||
| Phon. Processing | Fixed | 5465.70 | 16 | 5497.20 | 5575.20 | |||||
| Freed | 5459.42 | 17 | 5493.42 | 5575.76 | 6.28 | 1 | .012* | 0.28 | ||
| Mindset | Fixed | 1423.04 | 5 | 1433.04 | 1449.96 | |||||
| Freed | 1422.89 | 6 | 1434.89 | 1455.20 | 0.15 | 1 | .699 | −0.02 | ||
| Reading/Mindset vs. BAU | Word Reading | Fixed | 7077.22 | 17 | 7111.22 | 7193.38 | ||||
| Freed | 7077.13 | 18 | 7113.13 | 7200.13 | 0.09 | 1 | .762 | 0.02 | ||
| Non Word Reading | Fixed | 6708.16 | 17 | 6742.16 | 6824.32 | |||||
| Freed | 6701.47 | 18 | 6737.47 | 6824.46 | 6.70 | 1 | .010* | 0.35 | ||
| Fluency | Fixed | 7616.84 | 17 | 7650.84 | 7733.01 | |||||
| Freed | 7616.73 | 18 | 7652.73 | 7739.72 | 0.12 | 1 | .732 | 0.02 | ||
| Reading Comp. | Fixed | 7887.34 | 17 | 7921.34 | 8003.44 | |||||
| Freed | 7884.92 | 18 | 7920.92 | 8007.86 | 2.42 | 1 | .120 | 0.23 | ||
| Phon. Processing | Fixed | 5459.27 | 17 | 5493.27 | 5575.36 | |||||
| Freed | 5456.61 | 18 | 5492.61 | 5579.52 | 2.66 | 1 | .103 | 0.2 | ||
| Mindset | Fixed | 1403.91 | 6 | 1415.91 | 1436.16 | |||||
| Freed | 1403.90 | 7 | 1417.90 | 1441.52 | 0.01 | 1 | .917 | 0.06 | ||
| Reading vs. Reading/Mindset | Word Reading | Fixed | 7004.37 | 17 | 7038.37 | 7120.62 | ||||
| Freed | 7003.94 | 18 | 7039.94 | 7127.03 | 0.43 | 1 | .513 | 0.06 | ||
| Non Word Reading | Fixed | 6692.68 | 17 | 6726.68 | 6808.94 | |||||
| Freed | 6692.53 | 18 | 6728.53 | 6815.62 | 0.15 | 1 | .697 | −0.05 | ||
| Fluency | Fixed | 7726.93 | 17 | 7760.93 | 7843.16 | |||||
| Freed | 7714.84 | 18 | 7750.84 | 7837.91 | 12.09 | 1 | .001* | 0.15 | ||
| Reading Comp. | Fixed | 7783.43 | 17 | 7817.43 | 7899.65 | |||||
| Freed | 7783.36 | 18 | 7819.36 | 7906.41 | 0.07 | 1 | .784 | −0.03 | ||
| Phon. Processing | Fixed | 5490.04 | 17 | 5524.04 | 5606.24 | |||||
| Freed | 5489.22 | 18 | 5525.22 | 5612.26 | 0.82 | 1 | .367 | 0.12 | ||
| Mindset | Fixed | 1439.71 | 7 | 1453.71 | 1477.40 | |||||
| Freed | 1436.40 | 8 | 1452.40 | 1479.47 | 3.32 | 1 | .069 | −0.04 |
Note. BAU = business-as-usual condition; Reading = reading intervention condition; Reading/Mindset = reading intervention plus mindset condition. −2LL = −2*log likelihood, AIC =Akaike Information Criteria, BIC = Bayes Information Criteria. Effect size d computed by computing the difference between the two latent posttest means and dividing by the pooled observed posttest standard deviations. Fixed is a model where the post-test latent means were constrained to equality. Freed is a model where the post-test latent means were free to vary.
Effect remains significant after applying Benjamini-Hochberg correct for the false discovery rate.