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(A) Facial features of animals with mild, moderate and severe discomfort are illustrated. (B) Single SD (1SD) produced no change in mean mouse grimace score as compared to sham animals when assessed 1 hour later. (C) Repeated SDs (7SD) increased mean mouse grimace score. Individual data points from females (triangle) and males (circles) as well as mean ± SEM are shown (t-test).
