Fig 1. RSV infection induces host UPR and activates the autophagy pathway.

(A) RT-qPCR analysis of the UPR-related genes in RSV-infected or healthy N. benthamiana at 12 dpi. NbActin was used as an internal reference in relative quantification. The values represent the means of relative expression levels ± SD relative to the mock plants (n = 4 biological replicates). Data were analyzed by Student’s t-test, and asterisks denote significant differences between RSV-infected and mock plants (two-sided, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n.s., not significant). (B and C) Western blotting analysis of NbATG8 in N. benthamiana leaves treated with TM (B) or DTT (C). Each half of a leaf was treated with TM or DMSO for the TM test (B), DTT or ddH₂O for the DTT test (C). The total protein was extracted at 18 hpt following by western blotting analysis. NbATG8 were detected by specific antibodies. Actin was used as loading controls. (D) Western blotting analysis of NbATG8 in RSV inoculated leaves pre-treated with 4-PBA. N. benthamiana leaves were pre-treated with 4-PBA at 12 h before inoculating RSV. The leaves were harvested at 6 dpi, and total protein was extracted for western blotting. Actin was used as loading controls. RSV CP indicated virus infection.