Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample at baseline (n = 96)
| Overall (n = 96) Mean±SD or n (%) | Cycling (n = 64) Mean±SD or n (%) | Stretching (n = 32) Mean±SD or n (%) | p | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, y | 77.4±6.8 | 77.4±6.6 | 77.5±7.1 | 0.924 |
| Sex | 0.772 | |||
| Male | 53 (55) | 36 (56) | 17 (53) | |
| Female | 43 (45) | 28 (44) | 15 (47) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.202 | |||
| non-Hispanic White | 90 (94) | 62 (97) | 28 (88) | |
| Hispanic White | 3 (3) | 1 (2) | 2 (6) | |
| Black or African American | 3 (3) | 1 (2) | 2 (6) | |
| Education, years completed | 15.6±2.9 | 15.5±2.8 | 15.8±3 | 0.636 |
| Marital Status | 0.499 | |||
| Married | 69 (72) | 46 (72) | 23 (72) | |
| Divorced | 8 (8) | 6 (9) | 2 (6) | |
| Widowed | 15 (16) | 9 (14) | 6 (19) | |
| Live as married | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | |
| Never married | 3 (3) | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | |
| Living arrangement | 0.353 | |||
| Alone | 17 (18) | 13 (20) | 4 (13) | |
| With spouse/partner only | 62 (65) | 41 (64) | 21 (66) | |
| With spouse/partner &other | 5 (5) | 2 (3) | 3 (9) | |
| With family | 11 (11) | 8 (13) | 3 (9) | |
| Other | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | |
| Clinical Indicators | ||||
| Dementia severity (MMSE) | 21.4±3.3 | 21±3.5 | 22.2±2.7 | 0.081 |
| Body Mass Index | 27.7±5 | 27.8±4.7 | 27.4±5.6 | 0.755 |
| AD medication | 0.310 | |||
| Any AD medication | 53 (55) | 33 (52) | 20 (63) | |
| Not used | 43 (45) | 31 (48) | 12 (38) | |
| # comorbidities | 3.2±1.8 | 3.5±1.8 | 2.6±1.7 | 0.018* |
| NPI-Q symptom presence | 3.8±2.1 | 4.2±2 | 2.9±2.1 | 0.010* |
| NPI-Q severity | 5.9±4.2 | 6.6±4.2 | 4.4±3.8 | 0.012* |
| NPI-Q caregiver distress | 8.2±6.1 | 9.2±5.8 | 6.2±6.4 | 0.030* |
| Hostile mood | 14.2±4.2 | 14.9±4.5 | 12.9±3.1 | 0.017* |
| Content mood | 19±3.6 | 18.5±3.4 | 20±3.8 | 0.075 |
| ADL (DAD percent score) | 74.86±16.48 | 73.86±15.43 | 76.87±18.52 | 0.438 |
| Premorbid intellect (WTAR) | 34.2±10.8 | 34.8±10.6 | 33.0±11.4 | 0.457 |
| Cognitive Outcomes | ||||
| Global cognition (ADAS-Cog) | 18.8±7.1 | 19.3±7.4 | 17.8±6.5 | 0.350 |
| Episodic Memory | ||||
| LM immediate recall | 8.5±6.3 | 8.2±5.8 | 9.2±7.3 | 0.524 |
| LM delayed recall | 3.2±5.2 | 3±4.3 | 3.6±6.7 | 0.685 |
| HVLT-R immediate recall | 11.1±5.2 | 11.4±5.3 | 10.7±5.1 | 0.538 |
| HVLT-R delayed recall | 0.4±1.4 | 0.3±1.3 | 0.5±1.7 | 0.697 |
| Executive function | ||||
| TMT Part B | 217.5±83.8 | 217.5±86.8 | 217.3±78.8 | 0.991 |
| EXIT-25 | 13.5±6 | 13.2±6.2 | 14.2±5.5 | 0.416 |
| Executive Clock Drawing test | 8.3±3.8 | 8.3±3.8 | 8.3±3.9 | 1.000 |
| Attention | ||||
| Digit Span Forward & Backward | 12.2±3.5 | 12.3±3.6 | 12.1±3.2 | 0.701 |
| Processing speed | ||||
| Wechsler Digit Symbol | 32.8±16.7 | 33.3±17.3 | 31.8±15.6 | 0.687 |
| TMT Part A | 83.9±60.8 | 84.6±64.3 | 82.5±54.2 | 0.868 |
| Language | ||||
| COWAT | 28.1±11.7 | 28.6±11.7 | 27.1±11.8 | 0.558 |
| Category Fluency | 20.6±9.3 | 20.7±9.9 | 20.6±8.1 | 0.961 |
| Boston Naming Test | 40.8±13.8 | 41.4±14.2 | 39.7±13.3 | 0.575 |
ADAS-Cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition; BPSD, Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; DAD, Disability in Alzheimer’s Disease; EXIT-25, Executive Interview-25; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; LM, Logical Memory; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NPI-Q, Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire; TMT, Trail Making Test; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. The p-values for continuous outcomes are from two-sample t tests; the p-values for categorical variables are from Fisher exact tests. *p < 0.05.