Table 2.
Study Quality
| Risk of bias | Applicability | Overall | ||||||
| Participants | Predictors | Analysis | Participants | Predictors | Outcome | ROB | Applicability | |
| Carlson, 2001 [9] | + | + | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Cheng, 2019 [19] | + | + | – | + | + | + | – | + |
| Delva, 2013 [28] | + | + | – | + | + | + | – | + |
| Haaksma, 2019 [20] | + | + | – | + | + | + | – | + |
| Haaksma, 2020 [18] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Mitchell, 2004 [22] | + | + | – | + | + | + | – | + |
| Mitchell, 2010 [17] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Mitchell, 2010 [25] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Newcomer, 2003 [10] | + | + | – | + | + | – | – | – |
| Paradise, 2009 [14] | + | + | – | + | – | + | – | – |
| Pilotto, 2009 [13] | – | + | – | – | + | + | – | – |
| Stern, 1997 [15] | + | + | – | + | – | + | – | – |
| Sultana, 2018 [11] | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| van der Steen, 2007 [24] | + | + | + | + | + | + | – | + |
| van der Vorst, 2020 [12] | + | + | – | – | + | + | – | – |
| van Dijk, 1996 [21] | + | + | – | + | + | + | – | + |
| Wang, 2010 [23] | + | + | – | + | + | + | – | + |
| Wang, 2019 [16] | – | – | – | + | – | + | – | – |
+ indicates low risk of bias (ROB)/low concern regarding applicability; –indicates high ROB/high concern regarding applicability. Risk of bias for determining the outcome (death) was deemed to be low for all studies, and therefore is not shown.