Table 1.
Summary of sex differences in molecular and behavioral studies using the 3xTg-AD model
| Age (mo) | Molecular summary | Behavioral summary | Author | Year |
| 4, 12, 18 | F ↓ NLGN1 | F ↔ M performance in Y-maze, | Dufort-Gervais et al. [115] | 2020 |
| SOR, and MWM | ||||
| 12 | F ↑ Aβ42 | M ↑ impairment in OR; | Creighton et al. [66] | 2019 |
| F ↔ M impairment in OLM | ||||
| 6 | F ↑ Aβ | F ↑ impairment in spatial reorientation | Stimmell et al. [58] | 2019 |
| 12 | F ↑ Aβ and p-tau | F ↑ impairment in MWM | Yang et al. [71] | 2018 |
| 9 | F ↑ Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Omori et al. [69] | 2017 | |
| 12 and 18 | F ↑ Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Vandal et al. [68] | 2015 | |
| 2, 6, 12, 15 | M ↑ impairment in RAM | Stevens et al. [92] | 2015 | |
| 6 | M ↑ impairment in CFC; F ↔ M performance in NOR and Y-maze | Stover et al. [88] | 2015 | |
| 4 | F ↑ impairment in PM, | Cañete et al. [91] | 2015 | |
| HB, DLB, TM, and ACT | ||||
| 12 and 15 | F ↑ impairment in MWM, M ↑ inhibition in CT and OF | Blazquez et al. [89] | 2014 | |
| 3-4 | F ↑ Aβ | Hebda-Bauer et al. [70] | 2013 | |
| 12 and 18 | F ↑ Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Bories et al. [67] | 2012 | |
| 2-3, 13–15, 18–20 | F ↑ Aβ | Perez et al. [59] | 2011 | |
| 6 | F ↑ Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Gimenez-Llort et al. [61] | 2010 | |
| 12 to 14 | F ↑ Aβ | F ↑ impairment in Y-maze | Carroll et al. [60] | 2010 |
| 8-9 and 18–20 | F ↑ Aβ and p-tau | Oh et al. [62] | 2010 | |
| 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 | F ↑ Aβ | Rodriguez et al. [63] | 2008 | |
| 9, 16, 23 | F ↑ Aβ40 and Aβ42; | Hirata-Fukae et al. [64] | 2008 | |
| F ↔ M tau | ||||
| 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15 | F ↔ M Aβ and p-tau | F ↔ M performance in MWM, | Clinton et al. [72] | 2007 |
| IA, NOR at 2, 4, 12 months; | ||||
| F ↑ impairment in MWM and IA at 6 and 9 months | ||||
| 10 | F ↑ Aβ; M ↑ tau | F ↔ M performance in MWM and OF | Nelson et al. [65] | 2007 |
↑= increase, ↓= decrease, ↔= no change or difference. F, female; M, male; Aβ, amyloid-β; p-tau, phosphorylated tau; NLGN1, Neuroligin-1; ACT, spontaneous circadian motor activity test; CFC, cued fear conditioning; CT, corner test; DLB, dark-light box; HB, Boissier’s hole-board test; IA, inhibitory avoidance; MWM, Morris water maze; NOR, novel object recognition; OF, open field; OLM, object location memory; PM, elevated plus maze; RAM, radial arm maze; SOR, spatial object recognition; TM, tunnel-maze.