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Extracellular pro-hypertrophic signals, including hormo-nes and growth factors, and mechanical signals acting on the muscle cell membrane. The receptors mediating these signals are indicated in the white boxes. ACVR2, activin receptor type II; AR, androgen receptor; ADRB2, adrenergic receptor b2; DGC, dystrophin glycoprotein complex; GPRC6A, G Protein-Coupled ReceptorC6A; GPR56, G protein-coupled receptor 56; IGF1R, IGF-1 receptor.
