Table 2.

Conversational agent attributes.

Study	Chronic Disease or Population	Type	Theoretical Framework or Evidence Base	Self-Management Skills
Baskar et al, 201523	Older Adults	Chatbot (finite-state)	N/A	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Elmasri et al, 201624	Substance Use	Chatbot (finite-state)	Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Fitzpatrick et al, 201726	Depression	Chatbot (frame-based)	Cognitive behavior therapy	Managing symptoms
Gaffney et al, 201325	Depression	Chatbot (finite-state)	Perceptual control theory	Problem solving
Kazemi et al, 201427*	Substance Use	Chatbot**	Ecological momentary interventions, motivational interviewing, transtheoretical model of change	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle Community resources Participating in social activities
Ly et al, 201728	Depression	Chatbot (frame-based)	Cognitive behavior therapy	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Schroeder et al, 201829	Depression	Chatbot (frame-based)	Dialectical behavior therapy	Managing symptoms Problem solving
Stein et al, 201730	Diabetes	Chatbot (frame-based)	Cognitive behavior therapy, Diabetes Prevention Program	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Tsiourti et al, 201431	Older Adults	Chatbot**	N/A	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle Working with the care team Talking with friends and family Managing medications
van Heerden et al, 201732	HIV/AIDS	Task-oriented (frame-based)	CDC guidelines for HIV counseling in non-clinical setting	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle Managing symptoms Working with the care team Talking with friends and family
Wang et al, 201833	Substance Use	Chatbot (finite-state)	PubMed medical information retrieval dataset	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle Talking with friends and family Participating in social activities
Watson et al, 201234	Overweight or Obesity	Task-oriented (finite-state)	Behavioral and social cognitive theory	Maintaining a healthy lifestyle Problem solving

^*Kazemi et al, 2018 was used to extract conversational agent attributes³⁵.

^**Dialogue management system was N/A.