Table 1. Model parameters.

$N^{\text{E}}$	512	$N^{\text{I}}$	64	Number of exc. and inh. neurons.
${\tau }_{\text{E}}$	50 ms	${\tau }_{\text{I}}$	25 ms	Rate dynamics time constants
$dt$	1 ms			Numerical integration time step
$p^{\text{E}\leftarrow X}$	0.6	$p^{\text{I}\leftarrow X}$	0.6	Connection probability to exc. and inh. neurons
$J_i^{\text{E}\leftarrow \text{E}}$	2	$J_i^{\text{I}\leftarrow \text{E}}$	5	Total of exc. weights onto neuron i: ${\sum }_j{W}_{ij}^{X\leftarrow \text{E}}$
$J_i^{\text{E}\leftarrow \text{I}}$	1	$J_i^{\text{I}\leftarrow \text{I}}$	1	Total of inh. weights onto neuron i: ${\sum }_j{W}_{ij}^{X\leftarrow \text{I}}$
${\sigma }^{\text{E}\leftarrow X}$	0.65	${\sigma }^{\text{I}\leftarrow X}$	0.65	Std. deviation of the logarithm of the weights
${\theta }^{\text{E}\leftarrow \text{I}}$	${10}^{-4}$	${\theta }^{\text{I}\leftarrow \text{E}}$	${10}^{-4}$	Experimental detection threshold for synapses
$I^{\text{bg}}$	5 Hz	$\max \left(\mathbf{𝐈}(\mathbf{𝐬})\right)$	50 Hz	Background and maximum stimulus-specific input
$N^S$	$12\times 12\times 12$	$N^{\text{trials}}$	500	Number of stimuli and trials
$R^S$	$2\pi \times 2\pi \times 2\pi$	$\kappa$	1	Range of stimuli and Pyr RF von Mises width
$\mathrm{\Delta }I$	10 Hz			Change of input for perturbation experiments
${\eta }^{\text{Approx.}}$	${10}^{-5}$	${\eta }^{\text{Grad.}}$	${10}^{-3}$	Learning rates (approximate and gradient rules)
${\delta }^{\text{E}\leftarrow \text{I}}$	0.1	${\delta }^{\text{I}\leftarrow \text{E}}$	0.1	Weight decay rates
${\rho }_0$	1 Hz			Homeostatic plasticity target
${\beta }_1$	0.9	${\beta }_2$	0.999	Adam parameters for gradient rules
$ϵ$	${10}^{-9}$