Table 2.

Mean and SE of saltiness VAS ratings by age, sex, smoking, fasting time, and medication

		0.3% NaCl		0.6% NaCl		0.9% NaCl		P value*
	N	−MSG	+MSG	−MSG	+MSG	−MSG	+MSG
All	584	23.5 ± 0.6a	39.1 ± 0.7b	55.8 ± 0.7c	58.2 ± 0.7d	73.8 ± 0.6e	72.3 ± 0.7e	<0.0001
Sex
Male	69	22.1 ± 1.7a	34.6 ± 2.0b	49.6 ± 2.3c	52.9 ± 2.0c	70.0 ± 1.8d	67.2 ± 1.9d	<0.0001
Female	515	23.7 ± 0.7a	39.7 ± 0.8b	56.6 ± 0.7c	58.9 ± 0.7d	74.3 ± 0.7e	73.0 ± 0.7e	<0.0001
Age group (year)
19–29	257	24.0 ± 0.9a	45.3 ± 1.0b	61.2 ± 0.9c	65.6 ± 0.8d	79.0 ± 0.8e	79.5 ± 0.7e	<0.0001
30–59	72	21.4 ± 1.8a	35.0 ± 2.1b	51.2 ± 2.2c	56.7 ± 2.0c	71.2 ± 2.1d	69.1 ± 2.2d	<0.0001
60–69	100	21.8 ± 1.5a	34.2 ± 1.7b	52.7 ± 1.7c	52.5 ± 1.7c	69.8 ± 1.5d	66.8 ± 1.5d	<0.0001
>70	153	25.1 ± 1.2a	33.7 ± 1.3b	51.0 ± 1.4c	50.4 ± 1.5c	69.0 ± 1.3d	65.6 ± 1.4d	<0.0001
Smoking
Smoker	14	19.6 ± 4.2a	36.8 ± 4.2b	54.6 ± 3.9c	51.0 ± 4.9c	78.4 ± 4.4d	70.9 ± 4.9d	<0.0001
Past smoke	28	24.8 ± 3.1a	34.5 ± 3.0b	49.2 ± 3.4c	55.1 ± 3.3c	72.3 ± 2.3d	65.6 ± 3.2d	<0.0001
Never smoker	539	23.6 ± 0.6a	39.4 ± 0.7b	56.2 ± 0.7c	58.6 ± 0.7d	73.8 ± 0.7e	72.7 ± 0.7e	<0.0001
Fasting time
≤2 h	129	25.1 ± 1.4a	35.9 ± 1.5b	52.0 ± 1.7c	53.5 ± 1.5c	70.2 ± 1.5d	67.7 ± 1.4d	<0.0001
>2 h	453	23.0 ± 0.7a	39.9 ± 0.8b	56.8 ± 0.8c	59.6 ± 0.8d	74.8 ± 0.7e	73.7 ± 0.7e	<0.0001
Medicine
With medication	199	24.2 ± 1.1a	36.1 ± 1.2b	53.6 ± 1.2c	54.2 ± 1.3c	70.6 ± 1.1d	68.3 ± 1.1d	<0.0001
No medication	382	23.3 ± 0.8a	40.8 ± 0.9b	57.0 ± 0.9c	60.5 ± 0.8d	75.5 ± 0.8e	74.6 ± 0.8e	<0.0001

The significant differences between each rating score are indicated by alphabetic superscripts. A rating score is significantly different from others that do not have the same superscript letter according to Tukey’s test (P < 0.05)

*P for repeated measures ANOVA