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. 2020 Jan 6;52(1):106–117. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0559-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Genomic organization of N. naja toxin gene families. b–d, Arrayed venom gene organization of three major toxin gene families: 3FTx (b), SVMP (c) and CRISP (d). Genes that show venom-gland-specific expression are colored orange, and those with expression not restricted to venom glands are shown in magenta. Pseudogenes with no evidence for expression are shown in gray. e,f, Comparison showing the ancestral 3FTx (e) and CRISP (f) genes in lizard, and duplicated copies in the Indian cobra and prairie rattlesnake genomes. Orthologous gene pairs are indicated by shaded regions across the corresponding genomic regions. g, Schematic of filtering used to identify the 19 VSTs, and a heatmap showing the corresponding log₂(CPM) values. NN01 and NN02 correspond to N. naja specimens obtained from Kerala, India. NN03, NN04, NN05 and NN06 correspond to N. naja specimens obtained from the Kentucky Reptile Zoo. FC, fold change; Chr, chomosome. Anatomical abbreviations as in Fig. 3.