Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Demographic Variable | Overall Cohort (N=259) |
AVR (n=203) |
MVR (n=56) |
P-value (AVR vs MVR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 73.0 (63.0–79.0) | 75.0 (67.0–80.0) | 63.0 (54.5–71.5) | <0.0001 |
| Length of stay during index admission (days) | 8.0 (5.0–12.0) | 7.0 (5.0–12.0) | 9.0 (6.0–16.5) | 0.03 |
| Time to discharge (days) | 6.0 (5.0–9.0) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 7.0 (5.5–10.5) | 0.05 |
| Gender | ||||
| • Male | 145 (56.0) | 122 (60.1) | 23 (41.1) | 0.01 |
| • Female | 114 (44.0) | 81 (39.9) | 33 (58.9) | 0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| • White | 236 (91.1) | 187 (92.1) | 49 (87.5) | 0.28 |
| • African-American | 19 (7.3) | 14 (6.9) | 5 (8.9) | 0.61 |
| • Hispanic | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0.06 |
| • Other | 3 (1.2) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0.62 |
| Coronary artery disease | 170 (65.6) | 144 (70.9) | 26 (46.4) | 0.0006 |
| Heart failure | 144 (55.6) | 105 (51.7) | 39 (69.6) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 84 (32.4) | 64 (31.5) | 20 (35.7) | 0.55 |
| Current cigarette smoking use | 29 (11.2) | 16 (7.9) | 13 (23.2) | 0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding history | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.8) | 0.33 |
| Beta-blocker use | 152 (58.7) | 117 (57.6) | 35 (62.5) | 0.52 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB use | 119 (46.0) | 98 (48.3) | 21 (37.5) | 0.15 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| • CrCl >85 mL/min | 83 (32.1) | 67 (33.0) | 16 (28.6) | 0.53 |
| • CrCl 51–84 mL/min | 121 (46.7) | 89 (43.8) | 32 (57.1) | 0.08 |
| • CrCl <50 mL/min | 49 (18.9) | 43 (21.2) | 6 (10.7) | 0.08 |
| • Dialysis requirement | 6 (2.3) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (3.6) | 0.48 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 54 (20.9) | 50 (24.6) | 4 (7.1) | 0.004 |
| Impaired mobility | 40 (15.4) | 32 (15.8) | 8 (14.3) | 0.79 |
| Lung disease (including COPD) | 91 (35.1) | 65 (32.0) | 26 (46.4) | 0.05 |
| Infective endocarditis | 8 (3.1) | 6 (3.0) | 2 (3.6) | 0.81 |
| Critical preoperative state | 14 (5.4) | 10 (4.9) | 4 (7.1) | 0.52 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 160 (61.8) | 132 (65.0) | 28 (50.0) | 0.04 |
| NYHA class | ||||
| • Class I | 17 (6.6) | 16 (7.9) | 1 (1.8) | 0.10 |
| • Class II | 122 (47.1) | 101 (49.8) | 21 (37.5) | 0.10 |
| • Class III | 98 (37.8) | 71 (35.0) | 27 (48.2) | 0.07 |
| • Class IV | 22 (8.5) | 15 (7.4) | 7 (12.5) | 0.22 |
| CCS Angina Grade IV | 11 (4.3) | 10 (4.9) | 1 (1.8) | 0.30 |
| Unstable angina | 10 (3.9) | 10 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.09 |
| Recent myocardial infarction (within 90 days of surgery) | 27 (10.4) | 23 (11.3) | 4 (7.1) | 0.36 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | ||||
| • <31 mm Hg | 40 (15.4) | 36 (17.7) | 4 (7.1) | 0.05 |
| • 31–55 mm Hg | 148 (57.1) | 122 (60.1) | 26 (46.4) | 0.07 |
| • >55 mm Hg | 71 (27.4) | 45 (22.2) | 26 (46.4) | 0.0003 |
| • >60 mm Hg | 54 (20.9) | 34 (16.8) | 20 (35.7) | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 (25.5–34.6) | 30.1 (25.5–35.2) | 28.9 (24.9–32.7) | 0.12 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 129.0 (114.0–145.0) | 134.0 (117.0–148.0) | 113.5 (104.0–132.5) | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 68.0 (60.0–78.0) | 69.0 (59.0–79.0) | 67.0 (60.0–74.5) | 0.60 |
| CrCl (mL/min) | 73.0 (53.0–93.0) | 72.0 (52.0–94.0) | 77.5 (59.0–88.5) | 0.44 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.91 |
| LVEF (%) | 55.0 (40.0–60.0) | 55.0 (40.0–60.0) | 55.0 (40.0–60.0) | 0.73 |
| PCWP (mm Hg) | 17.0 (12.0–24.0) | 15.0 (11.0–22.0) | 22.0 (16.0–26.0) | <0.0001 |
| Mean PAP (mm Hg) | 28.0 (21.0–37.0) | 26.0 (20.0–35.0) | 37.0 (30.0–43.0) | <0.0001 |
| PASP (mm Hg) | 43.0 (34.0–58.0) | 41.0 (33.0–54.0) | 53.5 (45.5–65.5) | <0.0001 |
| PADP (mm Hg) | 16.0 (10.0–22.0) | 15.0 (10.0–21.0) | 22.0 (17.0–28.0) | <0.0001 |
| RVSP (mm Hg) | 45.0 (36.0–58.0) | 43.0 (35.0–56.0) | 54.0 (40.0–67.0) | 0.0001 |
| RVDP (mm Hg) | 6.0 (2.0–11.0) | 5.0 (1.0–10.0) | 10.0 (5.0–14.0) | 0.0001 |
| CVP (mm Hg) | 7.0 (5.0–11.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.0–12.0) | 0.02 |
| MAGGIC integer score | 23.0 (19.0–27.0) | 24.0 (19.0–27.0) | 21.5 (17.0–25.0) | 0.002 |
| MAGGIC risk score decile | ||||
| • 1st to 2nd decile | 41 (15.8) | 28 (13.8) | 13 (23.2) | 0.09 |
| • 3rd to 4th decile | 47 (18.2) | 34 (16.8) | 13 (23.2) | 0.27 |
| • 5th to 6th decile | 59 (22.8) | 45 (22.2) | 14 (25.0) | 0.65 |
| • 7th to 8th decile | 65 (25.1) | 55 (27.1) | 10 (17.9) | 0.16 |
| • 9th decile | 29 (11.2) | 25 (12.3) | 4 (7.1) | 0.28 |
| • 10th decile | 18 (7.0) | 16 (7.9) | 2 (3.6) | 0.26 |
| Estimated % mortality | ||||
| • MAGGIC (1 year) | 13.4 (9.3–19.1) | 14.7 (9.3–19.1) | 11.7 (7.7–16.0) | 0.002 |
| • STS | 3.8 (2.2–6.1) | 3.9 (2.2–6.0) | 3.6 (2.0–7.7) | 0.78 |
| • EuroSCORE II | 4.5 (2.2–9.9) | 4.7 (2.2–10.2) | 3.6 (2.4–6.7) | 0.43 |
| 30-day mortality | 12 (4.6) | 8 (3.9) | 4 (7.1) | 0.31 |
| 1-year mortality | 20 (7.7) | 14 (6.9) | 6 (10.7) | 0.34 |
Categorical variables are displayed as number (percent), while continuous variables are displayed as median (interquartile range, or IQR). Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CrCl, creatinine clearance; CVP, central venous pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EuroSCORE II, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAGGIC, Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PADP, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; RVDP, right ventricular diastolic pressure; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons.