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. 2021 Apr 26;11:8883. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88437-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of cesarean section (C/S) delivery on pups’ sociability. (a) Number of ultra-sonic vocalization (USV) calls at postnatal day (PD) 8 (naturally delivered [ND]: male = 19, female = 19, C/S delivered [C/S]: male = 19, female = 19; p = 0.039). (b,c) Approaching time to the stranger cage (S) and the empty cage (C) in the three-chamber social interaction (3-CSI) test. [(b) male, ND: p < 0.001, C/S: p = 0.751; (c) female, ND: p = 0.030, C/S: p = 0.303]. Male offspring, blue circles; female offspring, pink circles. Data represent the mean ± SEM. The numbers in parentheses indicate the numbers of mice tested and their litters (mice/litters) in each group. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.