Table 2.

Moderator variables for the effect of acute and chronic exercise on BDNF.

Variable	n = studies	ES ± SD	95%CI		p =
			Lower-limit	Upper-limit
Acute exercise
Gender					0.405
Male	12	3.93 ± 5.61	0.76	7.10
Female	2	0.39 ± 0.24	0.06	0.72
Fitness
Sedentary	4	1.19 ± 7.68	− 6.33	8.71	0.750
Active	10	3.12 ± 4.57	0.29	5.95
Type of training					0.824
HIIT	8	3.13 ± 5.57	− 0.74	7.00
SIT	6	3.81 ± 5.46	− 0.56	8.18
Blood analysis					0.698
Plasma	4	4.35 ± 7.04	− 2.55	11.3
Serum	10	3.05 ± 4.88	− 0.44	6.55
Chronic exercise
Gender
Male	5	0.15 ± 0.40	− 0.35	0.65	0.052
Female	2	1.25 ± 0.06	0.67	1.82
Mixed	3	0.26 ± 0.60	− 1.22	1.74
Fitness					0.950
Sedentary	3	0.34 ± 0.77	− 1.58	2.25
Active	5	0.39 ± 0.64	− 0.41	1.19
Athlete	2	0.53 ± 0.52	− 4.17	5.23
Type of training					0.208
HIIT	4	0.48 ± 0.69	− 0.62	1.57
SIT	3	− 0.08 ± 0.29	− 0.80	0.64
CrossFit	3	0.78 ± 0.46	− 0.36	1.92