. 2020 Nov 10;112(3):421–429. doi: 10.17269/s41997-020-00429-9

Table 2.

Relative contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPF, % of total energy intake) and prevalence of cardiometabolic outcomes among Canadian adults aged ≥ 19 years, 2015 CCHS–Nutrition

Outcome	Model	n	UPF consumption (continuous)†	UPF consumption (tertiles)‡
Outcome	Model	n	OR (95% CI)	Tertile 2, OR (95% CI)	Tertile 3, OR (95% CI)
Obesity	1^a	12,923	1.10 (1.06–1.14)***	1.24 (1.03–1.49)*	1.56 (1.29–1.88)***
	2^b	12,923	1.10 (1.06–1.14)***	1.21 (1.00–1.46)*	1.53 (1.27–1.85)***
	3^c	12,454	1.06 (1.02–1.11)**	1.09 (0.90–1.33)	1.31 (1.06–1.60)*
Diabetes	1^a	13,568	1.05 (1.00–1.10)*	1.19 (0.91–1.54)	1.38 (1.06–1.81)*
	2^b	13,568	1.05 (1.00–1.11)*	1.05 (0.81–1.37)	1.33 (1.02–1.74)*
	3^d	13,426	1.06 (1.01–1.12)*	1.12 (0.84–1.49)	1.37 (1.01–1.85)*
Hypertension	1^a	13,556	1.07 (1.03–1.11)***	1.42 (1.19–1.70)**	1.52 (1.25–1.86)***
	2^b	13,556	1.08 (1.03–1.13)***	1.31 (1.08–1.59)**	1.57 (1.25–1.96)***
	3^e	13,415	1.09 (1.04–1.14)***	1.37 (1.12–1.67)**	1.60 (1.26–2.03)***
Heart disease	1^a	13,551	1.07 (1.01–1.13)*	1.54 (1.13–2.10)**	1.51 (1.10–2.07)*
	2^b	13,551	1.07 (1.01–1.15)*	1.35 (0.97–1.88)	1.43 (1.03–1.98)*
	3^e	13,410	1.04 (0.97–1.12)	1.27 (0.90–1.78)	1.22 (0.87–1.71)

*p < 0.05

**p < 0.01

***p < 0.001

^†Odds ratios per 10% increase in relative intake of ultra-processed foods (% of total energy intake)

^‡Tertile 1 (lowest) is the reference. Threshold values for tertiles of ultra-processed food intake were as follows: tertile 1: ≤ 38.5% kcal/day; tertile 2: 38.6–58.6% kcal/day; tertile 3: ≥ 58.7% kcal/day

Estimates presented in the table are odds ratios derived from logistic regression models generated separately for each health outcome:

^aUnadjusted model

^bModel adjusted for age and sex

^cModel adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, education, income, residential area, immigrant status, Indigenous identity, reporting group, measurement type

^dModel adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, education, income, residential area, immigrant status, Indigenous identity

^eModel adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, education, income, residential area, immigrant status, Indigenous identity