Table 1.
The extraction of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers
| Extraction solvent | Phytochemical extracted | Optimal extraction condition | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetonitrile, acetone, ethyl acetate, n-butyl, water, n-hexane and ethyl ether | Anthocyanins | Ethanol | Ludin et al. (2018) |
|
70% ethanol (40–80 °C) |
70 °C | ||
|
70% ethanol (pH 4–9) |
pH 4 | ||
|
Water (pH 2, 7 and 10) |
Anthocyanins | pH 2 | Mauludifia et al. (2019) |
| Methanol |
Anthocyanins (Ternatin A1, B2, B3, C2, D2, D3, delphinidin derivatives), kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside and quercetin 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside), rutin, ellagic acid |
– | Shen et al. (2016) |
| Ethyl acetate and hexane (1:1) | Fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acids, petroselinic acids, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid and phytanic acid), phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and sitostanol) and tocols (α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) | – | |
|
50% ethanol (40–80 °C, 15–75 min, liquid–solid ratio of 10:1 to 30:1 mL/g) |
Anthocyanins | 60.6 °C, 6 min, liquid–solid ratio of 23:1 mg/L | Pham et al. (2019) |
|
Water (25–95 °C, 40–80 min liquid–solid ratio of 20:1 to 60:1) |
Extract yield | 54 °C, 74 min, liquid–solid ratio of 37:1 | Baskaran et al. (2019) |
|
Water (40–80 °C, 30–60 min liquid–solid ratio of 1 to 3 g/L) |
Phenolics | 59.6 °C, 37 min, liquid–solid ratio of 3 g/L | Lakshan et al. (2019) |
|
Water (11.7–68.3 °C, 8.78–51.21 min) |
Phenolics | 40 °C, 30 min | Escher et al. (2020) |
|
40% and 50% ethanol (with 30 min ultrasound or maceration alone for 1–7 days) |
Phenolics | 50% ethanol with 30 min ultrasound | Srichaikul (2018) |
| Flavonoids | Maceration in 40% ethanol for 7 days | ||
|
Water (30–50 °C, 30–150 min, 96–240 W, liquid–solid ratio of 2–15 mL/g) |
Anthocyanins | 50 °C, 150 min, liquid–solid ratio of 15 mL/g and 240 W | Chong and Gwee (2015) |
|
Water with ultrasound (50 °C, 150 min, liquid–solid ratio of 15 mL/g and 240 W) 95% ethanol without ultrasound (50 °C, 150 min, liquid–solid ratio of 15 mL/g) |
Water with ultrasound assistance | ||
|
Water with and without ultrasound (50 °C, 150 min, liquid–solid ratio of 15 mL/g and 240 W) |
Phenolics and flavonoids | Water with ultrasound assistance | Mehmood et al. (2019) |
|
Water with heating (3 h) Water with microwave (2 min) |
Dye (anthocyanins) | Water with microwave assistance | Sinha et al. (2012) |