Table 2.
The antioxidant activity of C. ternatea flowers from various research studies
| Extract | Antioxidant assay | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water extract and 100% ethanol extract | DPPH radical scavenging |
Water extract IC50 = 1 mg/mL Ethanol extract IC50 = 4 mg/mL Water extract in gel formulation for inhibition of DPPH reduction = 28% at 0.5 mg/mL |
Kamkaen and Wilkinson (2009) |
| 100% Methanol extract | DPPH radical scavenging | IC50 = 327 µg/mL | Nithianantham et al. (2013) |
| Citrate buffer extract | DPPH radical scavenging | EC50 = 0.49 mg/mL | Siti Azima et al. (2014) |
| FRAP | 13.3 mM/g based on trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) | ||
| Water extract | DPPH radical scavenging | IC50 = 84.15 µg/mL | Iamsaard et al. (2014) |
| FRAP | 0.33 mmol/mg ascorbic equivalent | ||
| Water extract | DPPH radical scavenging | IC50 = 470 µg/mL | Phrueksanan et al. (2014) |
| Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) | 17.54 μg trolox equivalents/mg extract | ||
| Reduction of free radical-induced erythrocyte hemolysis (4 h) | 96.3% at 400 µg/mL | ||
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (4 h) | 72.7% at 400 µg/mL | ||
| Water extract | DPPH radical scavenging | IC50 = 0.47 mg/mL | Chayaratanasin et al. (2015) |
| Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) | 0.17 mg trolox/mg dried extract | ||
| Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) | 0.38 mmol FeSO4/mg dried extract | ||
| HRSA | IC50 = 19.2 mg/mL | ||
| SRSA | IC50 = 26.3 mg/mL | ||
| Ferrous ion chelating power | > 103 mg EDTA/mg dried extract | ||
|
Methanol/acetone/water (5:4:1) extract |
ORAC | 490.7 μmol trolox equivalent/g extract | Nair et al. (2015) |
| 95% methanol extract | DPPH radical scavenging | IC50 = 95.3 µg/mL | Rajamanickam et al. (2015) |
| Water extract | ABTS radical scavenging | 4.2 µM trolox equivalent/g extract | Azima et al. (2017) |
| DPPH radical scavenging | EC50 = 0.76 mg/mL | ||
| FRAP | 10.9 mM trolox equivalent/g extract | ||
| ORAC | 15.8 µmol trolox equivalent/g extract | ||
| Water extract | ABTS radical scavenging | IC50 = 42.9 µg/mL | Zakaria et al. (2018) |
| DPPH radical scavenging | IC50 = 195.5 µg/mL | ||
| Water extract with ultrasound assistance (US) and water extract with heat assistance at 50 °C (AGE) | DPPH radical scavenging |
US = 931.5 µg trolox equivalent/g extract AGE = 764.3 µg trolox equivalent/g extract |
Mehmood et al. (2019) |
| ABTS radical scavenging |
US = 13,488 µg trolox equivalent/g extract AGE = 11,720.3 µg trolox equivalent/g extract |
||
| FRAP |
US = 5834.6 µg trolox equivalent/g extract AGE = 4195.3 µg trolox equivalent/g extract |
||
| Reducing power |
US = 4539.0 µg trolox equivalent/g extract AGE = 6154.1 µg trolox equivalent/g extract |
||
| Cu2+ reducing power |
US = 12,696 µg trolox equivalent/g extract AGE = 9549 µg trolox equivalent/g extract |
||
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition |
US = 1.01 mg/mL (IC50) AGE = 1.22 mg/mL (IC50) |
||
| Water extract, 100% and 50% methanol extract at 6 h (best condition) | DPPH radical scavenging |
Water extract = 11.7 mM trolox equivalent/g extract 100% methanol extract = 6.99 mM trolox equivalent/g extract 50% methanol extract = 12.2 mM trolox equivalent/g extract |
López Prado et al. (2019) |
| Inhibition of cholesterol oxidation |
Water extract = 79.8% 100% methanol extract = 49.7% 50% methanol extract = 89.8% |