Table 1.
Protein intake in individuals with chronic SCI (non-athletes).
| References | Subjects | Number of subjects | Methods | Daily protein intake |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allison et al. (54) | Anti-inflammatory diet in chronic SCI: | 20 (n = 12 intervention group, eight control group) | 7-day food diary at baseline, 3-day food diary at 1, 2, and 3 months | Intervention group: Baseline 73 ± 24 g/daya 3 months: 95 ± 22 g/daya No data for control group shown |
| Barboriak et al. (55) | Individuals with a SCI (15 with paraplegia, 22 with tetraplegia) | 37 | 24-h recall and checking and weighing leftover meals | Paraplegia: 95 ± 32 g/day = 1.3 g/kg/day Tetraplegia: 86 ± 28 g/day = 1.2 g/kg/day |
| Doubelt et al. (56) | Individuals with SCI (22 with tetraplegia, 12 with paraplegia, 94% male) | 34 | Food frequency questionnaire | 82 g/day = ~1.0 g/kg/day; 25% of the participants below 0.66 g/kg/day |
| Gorgey et al. (57) | Men with chronic motor complete SCI (10 with paraplegia, six with tetraplegia) | 16 | 5-day food dietary log for 4 weeks | Manual wheelchair users: 65 g/day = ~0.75 g/kg/day |
| Gorgey et al. (58) | Chronic SCI, five participants resistance training (RT), four participants in the control group (C) | 9 | Daily food diary for 12 weeks | RT: 1.1 ± 0.29 g/kg/day C: 1.09 ± 0.24 g/kg/day |
| Groah et al. (59) | Individuals with SCI (24 males with tetraplegia, 37 males with paraplegia, one female with tetraplegia, 11 females with paraplegia) | 73 | 4-day food log | Male tetraplegia: 85.7 g/daya Male paraplegia: 87.6 g/daya Female tetraplegia: 95.5 g/daya Female paraplegia: 75.3 g/daya |
| Javidan et al. (60) | Patients with SCI (217 male, 48 female) | 265 | 24-h dietary recall interviews | 69.6 g/day = 1 g/kg/day 86.8% below 1.5 g/kg/day |
| Levine et al. (61) | Individuals with chronic SCI (24 male and 9 female) | 33 | 7-day dietary record and a food frequency chart | Male: 69 g/daya Female: 56 g/daya |
| Lieberman et al. (62) | Individuals with chronic SCI | 100 | Food frequency questionnaire | 100.3 g/daya |
| Nightingale et al. (63) | Individuals with paraplegia | 33 | Weighted food diary for 7 days | 74.6 g/day = 0.98 g/kg/day |
| Pellicane et al. (64) | Inpatient rehabilitation (eight with paraplegia, eight with tetraplegia) | 16 | After meals, calculation of energy intake by examining food trays | All SCI: 71.5 ± 25.0 g/day Paraplegia: 0.86 ± 0.37 g/kg/day Tetraplegia: 0.92 ± 0.43 g/kg/day |
| Perret and Stoffel-Kurt (65) | Patients with an acute and a chronic SCI | 24 (12 per group) | Daily food diary for 7 days | Acute: 74.6 ± 10.0 g/day = 1.07 g/kg/day Chronic: 71.4 ± 7.9 g/day = 1.07 g/kg/day |
| Sabour et al. (66) | Individuals with a chronic SCI | 162 | Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire | Complete SCI: 64. 7 ± 23.2 g/daya Incomplete SCI: 64.3 ± 24.9 g/daya Tetraplegia: 63.3 ± 23.7 g/daya Paraplegia: 65.4 ± 25.4 g/daya |
| Tomey et al. (67) | Individuals with a chronic SCI | 95 | Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire | 82.3 ± 31.7 g/daya |
| Walters et al. (68) | Individuals with a chronic SCI (63 males, 14 females) | 77 | Multiple-pass 24-h recalls | Male: 81.8 g/day = ~1.03 g/kg/day Female: 70.9 g/day = ~1.0 g/kg/day |
SCI, spinal cord injury.
a
Body mass not reported.