Table 1.
Characteristics of the 17 clinical trials included in the systematic review
| Author | Number at GC (nC); Number at GE (nE); Mean age and SD (I) | Sport modality (Sport); Evaluation protocol (Protocol) | Placebo substance of control group (SupC); Supplementation of the experimental group (SupE) | Time trial in seconds (TT); Time to exhaustion in seconds (TE) | Model of Clinical Trial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Price et al. [30] | nC: 8 | Sport: Running | SupC: 45 mg/kg/pc of sodium chloride (NaCl) | TE C: 75±22 | Randomized |
| nE: 8 | Protocol: 20×24 s at 100% vVO2, followed by 1× up to exhaustion at 120% vVO2 | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 60 minutes before the protocol | TE E: 78±22 | ||
| I: 20.3±1 | |||||
| Siegler et al. [31] | nC: 6 | Sport: Swimming | SupC: 45 mg/kg/pc of sodium chloride (NaCl) | TT C: 163.2±25.6 | Randomized, single-blind |
| nE: 6 | Protocol: 8×25 m at 100% with 5-s intervals | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 150 minutes before the protocol | TT E: 159.4±25.4 | ||
| I: Non-specified | |||||
| Joyce et al. [19] | nC: 8 | Sport: Swimming | SupC: Methylcellulose capsules | TT C: 119.02±5.82 | Randomized, double-blind |
| nE: 8 | Protocol: 1×200 m | SupE: 0.1 g/kg/pc of BS, 3×/day for 3 days before the protocol | TT E: 118.53±5.64 | ||
| I: 19±3 | at 100% | ||||
| Danaher et al. [8] | nC: 8 | Sport: Cycling | SupC: 0.3 g/kg/pc of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) | TE C: 129±10.94 | Randomized, crossover, double-blind. |
| nE: 8 | Protocol: 1×110% Wmax till exhaustion at 80–100 rpm | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 90 minutes before the protocol | TE E: 132±13.48 | ||
| I: 26.2±1,9 | |||||
| Egger et al. [23] | nC: 21 | Sport: Cycling | SupC: 4 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) | TE C: 2700±570 | Randomized, crossover; double-blind |
| nE: 21 | Protocol: 1×30min at 95% IAT, followed by 1× until exhaustion at 110% IAT | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 60 minutes before the protocol | TE E: 2970±690 | ||
| I: 24±8 | |||||
| Hobson et al. [18] | nC: 20 | Sport: Rowing | SupC: 0.3 g/kg/pc of maltodextrin | TT C: 412±15.1 | Randomized, crossover, double-blind |
| nE: 20 | Protocol: 2×2 km at 100%, with an interval of 48 h between assessments. | SupE: 0.2 g/kg/pc of BS, 240 minutes before the protocol and 0.1 g/kg/pc of BS 60 minutes before the protocol | TT E: 410.7±14.9 | ||
| I: 23±4 | |||||
| Callahan et al. [32] | nC: 8 | Sport: Cycling | SupC: 0.3 g/kg/pc of maltodextrin | TT C: 338.1±18.04 | Double-blind |
| nE: 8 | Protocol: 1×4 km at 100% | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 150 minutes before the protocol | TT E: 335.78±16.94 | ||
| I: 34.7±7 | |||||
| Freis et al. [13] | nC: 18 | Sport: Race | SupC: 4g of sodium chloride (NaCl) | TE C: 2358±336 | Randomized, crossover, double-blind |
| nE: 18 | Protocol: 1×30 min at 95% IAT, followed by 1× until exhaustion 110% IAT | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 90 minutes before the protocol | TE E: 2376±336 | ||
| I: 27.9±9.1 | |||||
| Gough et al. [16] | nC: 11 | Sport: Cycling | SupC: Water and gooseberry | TT C: 381.7±13.1 | Randomized, double-blind |
| nE: 11 | Protocol: 1×4 km at 100% | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, evaluating the levels of blood BS up to the peak | TT E: 373.5±13.1 | ||
| I: 32±9 | |||||
| Gough et al. [21] | nC: 9 | Sport: Cycling | SupC: 0.1 g/kg/pc of sodium chloride (NaCl) | TE C: 211±65 | Crossover, double-blind. |
| nE: 9 | Protocol: 2×100% until exhaustion with 90-min interval | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 90 minutes before the protocol | TE E: 246±70 | ||
| I: 23±2 | |||||
| Delextrat et al. [17] | nC: 15 | Sport: Basketball | SupC: Non-specified | TT C: 31.3±1.96 | Randomized, crossover, double-blind |
| nE: 15 | Protocol: 17× BEST protocol (Sprint, race, change direction and jumps) | SupE: 0.4 g/kg/pc of BS, for 3 days before the protocol | TT E: 30.58±2.03 | ||
| I: 23.3±3.4 | |||||
| Macutkiewicz et al. [33] | nC: 8 | Sport: Field hockey | SupC: 0.2 g/kg/pc of maltodextrin | TT C: 87.9±6.9 | Randomized, crossover, single-blind |
| nE: 8 | Protocol: 6× FHST protocol (Dribbles, passes and kicks - from beacon) | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 90 minutes before the protocol | TT E: 89±7.8 | ||
| I: 23±5 | |||||
| Ferreira et al. [12] | nC: 21 | Sport: Cycling | SupC: 0.3 g/kg/pc of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) | TE C: 68.03±5.41 | Randomized, crossover, double-blind |
| nE: 21 | Protocol: 3× until exhaustion at 80 rpm and load of 5%, with 7-d interval | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 30 minutes before the protocol | TE E: 76.42±4.41 | ||
| I: 20±2 | |||||
| Gough et al. [34] | nC: 7 | Sport: Boxing | SupC: 0.1 g/kg/pc of sodium chloride (NaCl) | TE C: 73±78 | Double-blind |
| nE: 7 | Protocol: 1×90% VO2, with 3×3 min simulation of round and 1×90% VO2, with 75-min interval between each assessment | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 60 minutes before the protocol | TE E: 164±90 | ||
| I: 27.1±5.1 | |||||
| Peinado et al. [35] | nC: 12 | Sport: BMX cycling | SupC: 45 mg/kg/pc of sodium chloride (NaCl) | TT C: 31.32 (30.60–32.05) | Randomized, crossover, double-blind |
| nE: 12 | Protocol: 3×400 m at 100%, on an official course with a 15-min interval between each assessment | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 90 minutes before the protocol | TT E: 31.37 (30.65–32.10) | ||
| I: 19.2±3.4 | |||||
| Rezaei et al. [22] | nC: 8 | Sport: Karate | SupC: Cellulose capsules | TE C: 636±39 | Randomized, crossover, double-blind |
| nE: 8 | Protocol: 2× sequences of blows at 100%, until exhaustion with progressive reduction of interval. | SupE: 0.1 g/kg/pc of BS at 120, 90, and 60 min before the protocol | TE E: 693±28 | ||
| I: 20.5±2.4 | |||||
| Voskamp et al. [20] | nC: 16 | Sport: Cycling | SupC: Sunflower oil and magnesium capsules | TT C: 164.2±5 | Randomized, crossover, double-blind |
| nE: 16 | Protocol: 1×2 km at 100% | SupE: 0.3 g/kg/pc of BS, 150 minutes before the protocol | TT E: 164.3±5 | ||
| I: 27.6±6.9 |
VO2: volume of oxygen that is captured and distributed in the body; vVO2, velocity of VO2; Wmax, maximum power in watts; IAT, individual anaerobic threshold; BEST, basketball exercise stimulation test; FHST, field hockey skill test; rpm, rotations per minute; BW, body weight; g/kg/pc, grams per kilogram of body weight; mg/kg/pc, milligrams per kilogram of body weight; C: control group; E: experimental group.