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. 2021 Apr 13;9:665305. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.665305

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Copyright © 2021 Wei, Qiao, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Wei, Shi and Lai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Characterization of the sample. (A) SEM micrographs of the samples at different magnification. For the group of Ti-0.125G, the colored circles indicated the distribution of graphene aggregates at 1.0 K × magnification (scale bar = 10 μm), and the arrows marked the agglomerated graphene at 5.0 K × magnification (scale bar = 2 μm). (B) The respective EDS points’ spectra of Cp-Ti (green-starred) and Ti-0.125G (the point outside the Gr-like aggregate marked as a yellow star and the point inside the Gr-like aggregate marked as a red star). (C) The elemental concentrations of C, Ti, and O were measured by EDS semi-quantitative technique (expressed as average ± standard deviation; N = 10). (D) XRD patterns of Cp-Ti and Ti-0.125G (2θ = 20–80°). (E) Raman spectra of Ti-0.125G. (F) Wettability analysis (*p < 0.05). (G,H) Elastic modulus and nano-hardness analyses (**p < 0.01). (I) Surface roughness. No significant differences in Ra and Rq values. (J) The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. (K) The conductivity type was depicted by the Mott-Schottky curves.