Table 2. Comparison of Time Consumed by Pooled Cardiothoracic Surgeons during Each Simulation Surgery.

	VSD Patch Appliance	RVOT Patch Appliance
Time consumed by 6 cardiothoracic surgeons*
1st simulation	35.9 ± 4.1	51.5 ± 69.5
	34.4 (32.5–43.5)	21.4 (17.9–192.3)
2nd simulation	24.3 ± 6.9	16.8 ± 8.4
	25.0 (16.5–31.9)	16.1 (4.2–27.6)
3rd simulation	20.0 ± 5.5	16.7 ± 8.2
	17.3 (16.2–29.5)	13.6 (10.3–30.0)
p values from comparison tests between simulation surgeries†
1st vs. 2nd simulation	0.03	0.06
2nd vs. 3rd simulation	0.03	1.00
1st vs. 3rd simulation	0.03	0.01

^*Data provided with mean ± SD followed by median (range) minutes of time consumed by six cardiothoracic surgeons, ^†p values calculated from Wilcoxon signed-rank test or paired t test was used after normality test. RVOT = right ventricular outflow tract, VSD = ventricular septal defect