Table 3. Performance Evaluation Results of 10 Surgical Procedures during the Three Simulation Surgeries.

Procedures*	Simulation 1	Simulation 2	Simulation 3	P†
				1 vs. 2	2 vs. 3	1 vs. 3
Procedure 1	3.42 ± 0.79	5.58 ± 1.00	7.78 ± 1.72	0.001	0.007	0.007
Procedure 2	3.17 ± 0.72	5.33 ± 1.07	7.33 ± 1.58	0.002	0.006	0.007
Procedure 3	2.83 ± 0.84	4.83 ± 0.94	6.67 ± 1.32	0.001	0.006	0.007
Procedure 4	2.00 ± 0.85	4.08 ± 1.00	5.67 ± 1.41	0.001	0.006	0.007
Procedure 5	3.08 ± 0.79	5.08 ± 1.08	6.78 ± 1.56	0.002	0.006	0.007
Procedure 6	3.08 ± 0.90	5.25 ± 1.14	7.11 ± 1.54	0.001	0.006	0.007
Procedure 7	2.50 ± 1.17	4.42 ± 1.08	6.33 ± 1.50	0.001	0.006	0.007
Procedure 8	3.25 ± 0.75	5.25 ± 1.22	7.56 ± 1.74	0.002	0.006	0.007
Procedure 9	3.08 ± 0.90	5.00 ± 1.13	6.56 ± 1.67	0.002	0.006	0.007
Procedure 10	2.17 ± 0.84	4.00 ± 1.13	5.56 ± 1.67	0.002	0.006	0.007
Sum	28.58 ± 7.89	48.83 ± 10.18	67.33 ± 15.10	0.002	0.008	0.008

Data provided with mean ± SD scores of six attendees evaluated by one cardiothoracic surgery professor in 1–10 scale, higher score indicating more skillful procedure. *Procedures of each simulation surgery was divided into 10 procedures: patch design for VSD closure (procedure 1), patch closure of VSD with bovine pericardium-inferior margin (procedure 2), posteroinferior margin (procedure 3), anterosuperior margin (procedure 4), and superior margin (procedure 5), saline leakage test for VSD, main pulmonary arteriotomy (procedure 6), right ventriculotomy (procedure 7), patch design for the transannular right ventricular outflow track widening (procedure 8), patch angioplasty of main pulmonary artery (procedure 9) and right ventricular outflow tract with bovine pericardium (procedure 10), pass test with number 10 Hegar dilator (CooperSurgical Inc.), and saline leakage test for the right ventricular outflow tract, ^†p values calculated from Wilcoxon signed-rank test or paired t test was used after normality test. VSD = ventricular septal defect