Table 3.

Bivarate and multivariate analysis of internalised stigma and explanatory variables among people with bipolar disorder at the outpatient department of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016 (n=418)

Variables	Internalised stigma		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P value
	High	Low
Current working status
Yes	55	209	1.0	1.0
No	49	105	1.8 (1.1 to 2.8)	2.3 (1.0 to 5.1)*	0.007
Residence
Rural	32	75	1.4 (0.9 to 2.3)	1.1 (0.5 to 2.5)	0.244
Urban	72	239	1.0	1.0
Marital status
Single	64	159	1.5 (0.9 to 2.6)	1.86 (0.73 to 4.75)	0.356
Divorced or widowed	13	52	1.0 (0.5 to 2.0)	0.4 (0.1 to 1.3)	0.871
Married	27	103	1.0	1.0
Ever had traditional treatment
Yes	53	137	1.3 (0.9 to 2.1)	0.9 (0.4 to 1.8)	0.532
No	51	177	1.0	1.0
Educational status
Unable to read and write	24	38	2.2 (1.1 to 4.4)	3.3 (1.1 to 10.7)*	0.016
Primary	24	79	1.1 (0.6 to 2.0)	1.6 (0.6 to 4.3)	0.913
Secondary	31	109	1.0 (0.6 to 1.8)	0.8 (0.3 to 2.2)	0.238
College and above	25	88	1.0	1.0
Current episode
Manic	84	226	1.0	1.0
Depressive	20	88	0.6 (0.4 to 1.1)	1.3 (0.4 to 3.9)	0.332
Number of episodes
<2	33	134	1.0	1.0
≥2	71	180	1.6 (1.0 to 2.6)	1.0 (0.4 to 2.7)	0.894
Duration of illness
<5 years	29	118	1.0	1.0
5–10 years	23	91	1.0 (0.6 to 1.9)	0.8 (0.3 to 2.2)	0.901
>10 years	52	105	2.0 (1.2 to 3.4)	2.1 (0.8 to 5.5)	0.143
Self-esteem
Low	45	88	2.0 (1.2 to 3.1)	2.3 (1.1 to 5.1)*	0.001
High	59	226	1.0	1.0
Previous hospitalisation
<4	38	137	1.0	1.0
≥4	20	25	2.9 (1.5 to 5.8)	2.6 (1.1 to 6.1)*	0.031
Social support
Poor	67	109	2.8 (1.5 to 5.1)	5.3 (1.9 to 15.0)**	0.002
Intermediate	20	128	0.7 (0.4 to 1.4)	1.1 (0.4 to 3.2)	0.938
Strong	17	77	1.0	1.0

*P<0.05, **p<0.01, Hosmer-Lemeshow test=0.78.

AOR, adjusted OR; COR, crude OR.