Table 3.

Mean isotope values and 1σ SD (green lines and bars in Fig. 4, respectively), with proxy values associated with each isotope system

Layer	Model age range (ka, 95% CI)	Model mean age (ka)	Mean δ13CCalcite	± δ13CCalcite	Mean δ13Cdiet	± δ13Cdiet	Mean δ18OCalcite	± δ18OCalcite	Mean δ18Ofoliar	± δ18Ofoliar	Mean δ15NTOF	± δ15NTOF	Mean PMAP	± PMAP
1	115.9 ‒ 112.9	114.64	−10.27	0.48	−26.47	0.48	33.02	2.49	2.49	2.49	9.7	1.9	439	175
2	116.0 ‒ 113.6	114.84	−10.43	0.06	−26.63	0.06	31.43	0.63	1.40	0.63	11.1	0.2	311	20
3	116.2 ‒ 113.7	114.92	−10.86	0.18	−27.06	0.18	31.27	0.03	1.30	0.03	‒	‒	‒	‒
4	116.3 ‒ 113.8	115.03	−9.73	0.38	−25.93	0.38	33.36	1.66	2.72	1.66	9.1	1.3	498	114
5	116.5 ‒ 113.9	115.12	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒
6	116.8 ‒ 114.1	115.34	−11.56	0.16	−27.76	0.16	28.00	0.74	−0.94	0.74	‒	‒	‒	‒
7	117.0 ‒ 114.2	115.45	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒
8 and 9	117.1 ‒ 114.3	115.52	−9.62	1.10	−25.82	1.10	31.11	1.67	1.18	1.67	9.7	1.5	442	138
10	117.6 ‒ 114.3	115.71	−9.73	0.68	−25.93	0.68	33.42	2.19	2.76	2.19	8.9	0.2	517	100
11	117.9 ‒ 114.5	115.95	−9.49	0.48	−25.69	0.48	33.88	1.76	3.08	1.76	9.9	0.6	419	57
12	118.3 ‒ 114.6	116.08	−9.67	1.29	−25.87	1.29	34.24	2.56	3.33	2.56	8.1	1.2	587	106
13	119.6 ‒ 114.6	116.34	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒

All individual stable-isotope data points can be found in Dataset S1. PMAP = paleo-mean annual precipitation.