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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020 Oct 8;44(11):2257–2265. doi: 10.1111/acer.14455

Figure 1b. Causal DAG for estimating the effect of reducing AUDIT score to <8 (A) on co-occurring conditions (Y) under various assumptions about the causal structure of the data (shown at one time point only).

Figure 1b

assumes the following temporal ordering of variables: A1, L1, M1. V0 is included in the weight model.

V0 includes: baseline covariates (HIV status, race, education, income); past year cannabis, cocaine, other stimulants, and illicit opioids measured at time 0; past year alcohol measured at time 0; and current depression, anxiety, smoking, and pain measured at time 0

L1 past year cannabis, cocaine, other stimulants, and opioids measured at time 1

U1 Potential unmeasured common causes at time 1

A1 past year alcohol measured at time 1

M1 current depression, anxiety, smoking, and pain measured at time 1 (exclude outcome)

Y1 outcome measured at time 1 (for depression, anxiety, smoking, and pain as outcome only)