Figure 1c. Causal DAG for estimating the effect of reducing AUDIT score to <8 (A) on co-occurring conditions (Y) under various assumptions about the causal structure of the data (shown at one time point only).

assumes the following temporal ordering of variables: L₁, M₁, A₁. L₁, M₁, and V₀ are included in the weight model.

V₀ includes: baseline covariates (HIV status, race, education, income); past year cannabis, cocaine, other stimulants, and illicit opioids measured at time 0; past year alcohol measured at time 0; and current depression, anxiety, smoking, and pain measured at time 0

L₁ past year cannabis, cocaine, other stimulants, and opioids measured at time 1

U₁ Potential unmeasured common causes at time 1

A₁ past year alcohol measured at time 1

M₁ current depression, anxiety, smoking, and pain measured at time 1 (exclude outcome)

X₁ Potential common cause(s) of M₁ and A₁

Y₁ outcome measured at time 1 (for depression, anxiety, smoking, and pain as outcome only)