FIGURE 1.

Representation of Plant EV and PDNV isolation procedures. Recovery of apoplastic extracellular fluids is compared with soft tissue rupture. For simplicity, only two types of putative EVs are shown: ectosome‐types (derived from plasma membrane) or exosome‐types (derived from MVBs originating from the Golgi). After differential ultracentrifugation, purification from apoplastic fluids will lead to the purification of natural EVs (exosomes, ectosomes….etc). In contrast, the use of soft tissue rupture will result in “artificial” plant derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) which will contain EVs mixed with intracellular organelle debris such as mitochondria (red), chloroplasts (dark green), ER (yellow), and so forth.