Table 2. Clinical features of 22 APS-1 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| Patient no. | Days from symptom onset to hospital admission | COVID-19 severity (NIH ordinal scale score) | COVID-19 complications (other than hypoxemia related) | Duration of hospital stay (d) | Hypoxemia supporta (nadir SpO2) | Intubation duration (d) | Laboratory abnormalities | Radiographical abnormalities | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | Critical (7) | Hypotension requiring dobutamine/ norepinephrine infusion; pneumococcal pneumonia; sepsis-induced ventricular dysfunction (EF, 30%); C. difficile infection | 37 | Mechanical ventilation (N/A) | 6 | N/A | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose hydrocortisone, LOP/RIT, ribavirin, HCQ, piperacillin/ tazobactam | Survival; low DLCO (55%) 2 mo after discharge |
| 2 | 8 | Critical (7) | None | 12 | Mechanical ventilation (N/A) | 5 | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑AST | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose hydrocortisone | Survival |
| 3 | 7 | Critical (7) | None | 17 | Mechanical ventilation (80%) | 11 | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑AST, ↑ALT, ↑ferritin, ↑LDH, ↑D-dimer | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose methyl-prednisolone, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, HCQ | Survival |
| 4 | 4 | Mild (4) | None | 3 | No | No | N/A | Bilateral GGO | None | Survival |
| 5 | 10 | Moderate–severe (5) | Antibiotic-associated diarrhea | 10 | No (93%) | No | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑LDH, ↑D-dimer | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose prednisone, tocilizumab, vancomycin, ertapenem, levofloxacin, HCQ | Survival |
| 6 | Not hospitalized | Mild (1) | None | 0 | No | No | Not tested | Not performed | None | Survival |
| 7 | 3 | Critical (8) | Bacterial sepsis (Acinetobacter, Klebsiella), pneumothorax (twice), acute renal failure (requiring hemodialysis) | 47 | Mechanical ventilation (60%) | 28 | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑AST, ↑ALT, ↑creatinine, ↑D-dimer, ↑IL-6 | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose prednisone, tofacitinib, cefepime, sulbactam, polymixin B, linezolid, caspofungin | Death |
| 8 | 4 | Critical (8) | None | 15 | Mechanical ventilation (82%) | 1 | N/A | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose dexamethasone | Death |
| 9 | 7 | Moderate–severe (5) | None | 15 | Nasal cannula (86%) | No | ↑CRP, ↑LDH | Bilateral, multiple GGO | No | Survival |
| 10 | Not hospitalized | Mild (1) | None | 0 | No | No | Not tested | Not performed | No | Survival |
| 11 | 5 | Mild (4) | None | 12 | No | No | ↓ALC | Bilateral GGO | No | Survival |
| 12 | 5 | Critical (7) | None | 26 | Mechanical ventilation (82%) | N/A | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑LDH, ↑D-dimer | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose dexamethasone, tocilizumab, ribavirin, azithromycin, cefepime, vancomycin, voriconazole | Survival |
| 13 | 3 | Critical (8) | None | 14 | Mechanical ventilation (N/A) | 5 | N/A | N/A | High-dose dexamethasone, tocilizumab | Death |
| 14 | 9 | Critical (7) | Bacterial pneumonia, bacteremia, and sepsis (Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, E. coli), ventricular arrhythmia | >60 | Mechanical ventilation and ECMO (N/A) | 42 | ↑CRP, ↑ferritin, ↓ALT, ↑AST, ↑D-dimer | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose dexamethasone | Survival, tracheostomy |
| 15 | 4 | Moderate (4) | Pulmonary embolism | 18 | No | No | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑D-dimer | Bilateral GGO | High-dose hydrocortisone, remdesivir, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, apixaban | Survival |
| 16 | 7 | Critical (8) | Bacterial pneumonia (Enterobacter) pneumothorax | 13 | Mechanical ventilation (60%) | 12 | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑AST, ↑ALT, ↑D-dimer | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose dexamethasone | Death |
| 17 | 2 | Critical (7) | Transient diabetes insipidus | 20 | Mechanical ventilation (80%) | 4 | ↑CRP, ↑AST, ↑IL-6 | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose betamethasone, plasmapheresis | Survival |
| 18 | 2 | Critical (7) | Hemoptysis | 56 | Mechanical ventilation (87%) | 25 | ↑CRP, ↑ferritin, ↓ALC, ↑AST, ↑D-dimer | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose dexamethasone, IFN-β, convalescent plasma, plasmapheresis | Survival |
| 19 | Not hospitalized | Mild (2) | None | 0 | No | No | Not tested | Not performed | Prolonged course of stress-dose steroids | Survival |
| 20 | 5 | Mild (4) | None | 7 | No | No | N/A | Bilateral GGO | IFN-β, convalescent plasma | Survival |
| 21 | 5 | Moderate–severe (5) | GI bleeding | 21 | Nasal cannula (87%) | No | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑LDH, ↑D-dimer, | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose dexamethasone, tocilizumab, meropenem, fluconazole, IVIg | Survival |
| 22 | 8 | Moderate–severe (5) | None | 6 | Nasal cannula (89%) | No | ↑CRP, ↓ALC, ↑AST, ↑ALT, ↑ferritin | Bilateral, multiple GGO | High-dose dexamethasone, tofacitinib, favipiravir, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, IVIg | Survival |
DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; C. difficile, Clostridium difficile; EF, ejection fraction; E. coli, Escherichia coli; GGO, ground-glass opacity; GI, gastrointestinal; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; LOP/RIT, lopinavir/ritonavir; N/A, not available.
a
Hypoxemia defined as SpO2 <94 mmHg.