Table 3.

Anti-interferon therapies for autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Drug	Disease	Clinical development	Status	Refs
IFNα inhibitors
Sifalimumab	SLE	Phase II	Completed	111
	DM and PM	Phase I	Completed	114,115
Rontalizumab	SLE	Phase II	Completed	112
IFNα kinoid	SLE	Phase II	Terminated	118
IFNAR inhibitors
Anifrolumab	SLE	Phase III	Completed	121–123
		Phase III	Ongoing	151
	LN	Phase II	Ongoing	124
	RA	Phase II	Ongoing	125
	SSc	Phase I	Completed	126,127
JAK inhibitors
Tofacitinib	SLE	Phase I	Completed	135
	RA	Approved	NA	152–155
	pSS	Phase I/II	Ongoing	136
	SSc	Phase I/II	Completed	137
	DM	Phase I	Completed	138
Baricitinib	SLE	Phase III	Ongoing	130–133
	RA	Approved	NA	156–158
	IIM	Phase II	Ongoing	139
Upadacitinib	SLE	Phase II	Ongoing	159
	RA	Approved	NA	160–163
Interferon production inhibitors
BIIB059 (anti-BDCA2)	SLE and CLE	Phase II	Completed	145,146
VIB7734 (anti-LILR4A)	SLE, CLE, pSS, SSc, DM and PM	Phase I	Completed	147

BDCA2, blood dendritic cell antigen 2; CLE, cutaneous lupus erythematosus; DM, dermatomyositis; IFNAR, IFNα receptor; IIM, idiopathic inflammatory myositis; JAK, Janus kinase; LILR4A, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 4; LN, lupus nephritis; NA, not applicable; PM, polymyositis; pSS, primary Sjögren syndrome; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc, systemic sclerosis.