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. 2021 Mar 31;36(2):e255. doi: 10.5001/omj.2021.56

Table 4. The mean score of sleep quality, depression, and state anxiety before and after the intervention.

Group	First month						Second month
	n	Before intervention		After intervention		p-value	n	Before intervention		After intervention		p-value
	n	mean±SD		mean±SD		p-value	n	mean ± SD		mean ± SD		p-value
Sleep quality
A*	19	14.1 ± 2.7		6.5 ± 2.3		< 0.00^c	17	8.4 ± 2.7		7.5 ± 2.5		0.021
B	20	14.5 ± 3.4		11.3 ± 3.2		< 0.00^d	20	12.1 ± 3.4		7.5 ± 2.2		< 0.001
	p-value^		0.496^b		< 0.00^a	-			0.496^b		0.970^a
Depression
A*	19	14.9 ± 7.4		8.3 ± 3.6		< 0.001^c	17	10.2 ± 7.4		8.9 ± 4.2		0.006
B	20	13.5 ± 7.1		11.1 ± 4.9		0.005^c	20	12.4 ± 7.1		8.6 ± 3.3		< 0.001
	p-value^		0.539^a		0.055^a	-			0.539^a		0.787^a
State anxiety
A*	19	51.1 ± 7.9		36.4 ± 5.2		< 0.001^c	17	39.4 ± 7.9		37.8 ± 5.0		0.042
B	20	48.7 ± 6.7		41.4 ± 6.2		< 0.001^c	20	43.9 ± 6.7		37.7 ± 4.3		< 0.001
	p-value^		0.305^a		0.012^a	-	-		0.305^a		0.907^a	-

SD: standard deviation.

*Group A took valerian capsules in the first month and placebo in the second month, and vice versa in group B. ^p-value between groups A and B.

^a: Student’s t-test; ^b: Mann-Whitney test; ^c: Paired t-test; ^d: Wilcoxon test.