Table 2.

Dynamic DNA methylation profiling in the development of heart

Study (reference)	Study population Sample type	Cohort	Sample	Methylation measures	DNA methylation change
[100]	Heart tissue (mouse)	Healthy	E11.5, E14.5 (n = 3 per group)	Genome‐wide DNA methylation profiling using MSFE/MPS	Global methylation in developing hearts remained stable between E11.5 and E14.5, a small fraction AGCT sites exhibited differential methylation, which were enriched in genes involved in heart development
[102]	Heart tissue (mouse)	Healthy	E14.5, E17.5, NB, P7, P14, adult	The DNA methylation levels of CpG dinucleotides region in ssTnI gene promoter were detected using MSP and BSP	DNA methylation levels of the CpG dinucleotides region in ssTnI gene promoter were increased with the development of mouse heart
[103]	Heart tissue (mouse)	Healthy	P1, P7, P14, P28, P84 (n = 3 per group)	For analysis of global DNA methylation, 5‐methylcytosine levels were measured using the MethylFlash Methylated DNA Quantification Kit	Majority of DMRs (~ 80%) were hypermethylated between P1 and P14, and hypermethylated regions were associated with transcriptional shut down of important developmental signaling pathway
[101]	Heart tissue (mouse)	Chronic pressure overload in adult mice	newborn, adult healthy and failing hearts (n = 3–6)	DNA methylome were analyzed by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing	Identified large genomic regions that are differentially methylated during cardiomyocyte development and maturation