Fig. 6 |. Drug delivery using perivascular and endovascular methods in the murine angioplasty model.

a, Representative image of a successful angioplasty procedure. b, After the angioplasty, a drug aimed at preventing restenosis can be allowed to dwell in the lumen with occlusion of the vessel. After 5–30 min, the suture can be loosened after removing the residual drug and flushed with heparinized saline. Finally, the puncture site is closed before the subsequent unclamping process. c, After the angioplasty procedure but before incision closure, perivascular drug delivery to the vessel wall can be performed using, for example, biocompatible poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles loaded with drugs in hydrogel delivered to the outflow vein. Animal procedures in this work were approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.