Table 5.

Univariate and multivariate analysis of Axis-II components of Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) assessing the risk indicators for the development of any TMD

Parameter		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
		Odds ratio (CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio (CI)	P value
GCPSa	0	Reference	–	Reference	–
	≥ 1	1.94 (0.45–2.36)	< 0.001	1.68 (0.28–1.92)	0.01
JFLS-20b item (any item ≥ 5 = 1)	0	Reference	–	Reference	–
	1	1.68 (0.30–2.15)	0.006	1.45 (0.10–1.85)	0.008
GADc (sum score 0–3)	0	Reference	–	Reference	–
	≥ 1	1.75 (0.32–1.96)	0.02	1.55 (0.22–1.84)	0.04
PHQ-9d (sum score 0–4)	0	Reference	–	–	–
	≥ 1	1.64 (0.33–1.78)	0.56	–	–
OBCe (sum score ˃16 = 1)	0	Reference	–	Reference	–
	1	2.42 (0.48–3.10)	< 0.001	2.10 (0.35–2.56)	< 0.001

P values mentioned in bold are statistically significant; CI confidence interval

Sum scores categorized (as per the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) are as follows:

^aGraded chronic pain scale (GCPS)—0-IV; grade I or II—low pain intensity without interference in the daily living; Grade III or IV—High pain and high interference, or moderate to severe disability

^bJaw functional limitation scale (JFLS)—any Item ≥ 5 = 1; remaining = 0

^cGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD-7): 0 = no, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe anxiety, respectively

^dPatient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): 0 = no, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = moderately severe and 4 = severe depression, respectively

^eOral Behaviour checklist—sum score ˃16 = 1; remaining = 0