Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics between HUR and conventional gym training (n = 80)
| Characteristic | HUR (n = 57) | Conventional (n = 23) | P-value for difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Age (yr), mean (SD) | 76 (6) | 78 (7) | 0.236 |
| Women, frequency (%) | 37 (65) | 16 (70) | 0.690 | |
| White European/Australian origin, frequency (%) | 48 (84) | 21 (91) | 0.404 | |
| Training | Years trained, mean (SD) | 1.20 (0.64) | 1.39 (0.63) | 0.235 |
| Weekly gym visits, mean (SD) | 1.08 (0.54) | 0.99 (0.42) | 0.503 | |
| Anthropometric measurements | Height (cm), mean (SD) | 163.9 (9.5) | 163.2 (9.5) | 0.765 |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 77.1 (17.9) | 71.0 (15.4) | 0.155 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.65 (6.02) | 26.46 (3.76) | 0.055 | |
| Muscle strength | HGS (kg), mean (SD) | 26.54 (8.68) | 25.47 (7.38) | 0.718 |
| CS (s), mean (SD) | 9.93 (3.98) | 9.02 (3.48) | 0.024 * | |
| Lean mass | ALM (kg), mean (SD) | 19.43 (5.33) | 18.12 (4.81) | 0.310 |
| FNIH | ALM/BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 0.69 (0.17) | 0.68 (0.15) | 0.945 |
| EWGSOP2 | ALM/h2 (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 7.14 (1.42) | 6.70 (1.11) | 0.195 |
| Physical performance | GS (m/s), mean (SD) | 1.31 (0.27) | 1.36 (0.17) | 0.355 |
| SPPB (score), median (IQR) | 11 (2) | 12 (0) | 0.060 | |
| TUG (s), mean (SD) | 8.96 (4.62) | 7.41 (1.14) | 0.052 | |
| 400 m walk (min), mean (SD) | 5.58 (1.79) | 5.34 (1.21) | 0.307 | |
| Self-reported physical performance | PASE (score), mean (SD) | 127 (61) | 128 (44) | 0.946 |
| Self-reported nutrition | ARFS (score), mean (SD) | 36 (10) | 36 (8) | 0.978 |
| AES protein (g), mean (SD) | 108 (39) | 88 (27) | 0.029 * | |
| AES energy (kJ), mean (SD) | 9698 (3006) | 8266 (2904) | 0.055 | |
All data are mean (SD) or frequency (%). HUR Helsinki University Research, BMI body mass index, BMC bone mineral content, HGS hand grip strength, CS chair stand, ALM appendicular lean mass, HGS hand grip strength, GS gait speed, SPPB short physical performance battery, TUG timed up and go, FNIH Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project, EWGSOP2 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (January 2019 update), PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; AES Australian Eating Survey, ARFS Australian Recommended Food Score (obtained from the AES). Analyses are independent sample t-tests for normally distributed data and Mann-Whitney tests for non-normally distributed data; * p < 0.05