Table 2.
Phytochemicals in A. annua with antimalarial activity
| Compound | Compound IC50 (μM) | Compound + artemisinin IC50 (μM) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artemisinin | 0.033 | na | Liu et al. (1992) |
| 0.022, 0.023a | na | Suberu et al. (2013) | |
| Artemisinic acid | 77.8, 61.6a | Varies with compound concentration | |
| Arteannuin B | 3.2, 4.8a | ||
| Dihydroartemisinic acid | 21.1, 17.7a | ||
| Chlorogenic acid | 69.4, 61.4a | ||
| Rosmarinic acid | 65.1, 65.0a | ||
| Isovitexin | 72.5, 48.1a | ||
| Artemetin | 26.0 | 0.026 | Liu et al. (1992) |
| Casticin | 24.0 | 0.026 | |
| Cirsilineol | 23.0 | 0.023 | |
| Chrysoplenol-d | 32.0 | 0.015 | |
| Chrysoplenetin | 36.0 | 0.016 | |
| Eupatorin | 65.0 | 0.030 | |
| Apigenin | 20.0, 13.0b | Not determined | Lehane and Saliba (2008) |
| Luteolin | 11.0, 12.0b | ||
| Kaempferol | 33.0, 25.0b | ||
| Myricetin | 40.0, 76.0b | ||
| Quercetin | 15.0, 14.0b | ||
| 14.7, 4.1, 2.9c | Ganesh et al. (2012) | ||
| 13.0d | Penna-Coutinho et al. (2018)i | ||
| Rutin | 7.1, 3.5, 10.4c | Ganesh et al. (2012) | |
| a-Pinene | 1.0e | Van Zyl et al. (2006) | |
| 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol) | 70.0e | ||
| Limonene | 533.0e | ||
| Nerolidol | 9.0e | ||
| 0.76f | Rodriguez-Rodrigues-Goulart et al. (2004) | ||
| Phytol | 18.9g | Grace et al. (2012) | |
| Scopoletin | 128.0, 121.5h | Zaid et al. (2016) |
Na not applicable, CQ chloroquine
a
CQ-sensitive HB3 and CQ-resistant Dd2 strains, respectively
b
CQ-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant 7G8 strains, respectively
c
Fresh blood isolates (Bangladesh), CQ-sensitive 3D7, and CQ-resistant K1 strains, respectively
d
CQ-resistant W2 strain
e
CQ-resistant FCR-3 strain
f
CQ-sensitive 3D7
g
CQ-sensitive D10 strain
h
CQ-resistant K1 and CQ-sensitive 3D7 strains, respectively
i
Test in vitro and also in vivo in mice