Table 1.
Comparison of Sample Characteristics by Sex and CMD Risk Group
| Characteristics | Low/No Risk (n=1,323) | High/At Risk Groups |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Syndrome Only (n=118) | Insulin Resistance Only (n=480) | Insulin Resistance + Metabolic Syndrome (n=270) | ||||||
| Women (n=592) | Men (n=731) | Women (n=42) | Men (n=76) | Women (n=212) | Men (n=268) | Women (n= 103) | Men (n=167) | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, years | 29.72 (9.47) | 29.79 (9.66) | 37.19 (7.88) B | 35.24 (8.82) C | 26.45 (9.11) A | 28.66 (9.69) | 33.01 (10.04) B | 35.93 (9.74) C |
| Non – Hispanic white, % | 55.41 | 44.87 | 38.10 | 55.26 | 25.00 C | 34.70 | 36.89 A | 41.92 |
| Non – Hispanic black, % | 19.43 | 26.16 | 21.43 | 11.84 B | 29.25 B | 23.13 | 30.10 | 16.17 |
| Mexican – American, % | 25.17 | 29.00 | 40.48 | 32.89 | 45.75 B | 42.16 B | 33.01 | 41.92 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||||||
| Weight, kg | 64.88 (13.34) | 75.34 (12.93) | 79.95 (12.14) C | 91.33 (14.69) C | 76.47 (18.28) C | 84.79 (15.67) C | 86.17 (15.56) C | 94.91 (14.47) C |
| Height, cm | 163.02 (7.09) | 175.85 (7.78) | 161.40 (5.76) | 176.29 (7.61) | 162.48 (6.89) | 175.26 (8.23) | 162.81 (6.26) | 175.20 (7.40) |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 24.38 (8.49) | 24.30 (3.48) | 30.68 (4.34) C | 27.37 (4.30) C | 28.89 (6.31) C | 27.55 (4.50) C | 32.40 (5.01) C | 30.87 (4.02) C |
| DXA Body Composition | ||||||||
| Total Fat Mass, kg | 35.29 (5.99) | 17.47 (6.51) | 34.17 (8.08) C | 27.31 (7.76) C | 31.59 (11.38) C | 24.16 (8.81) C | 37.04 (9.70) C | 29.77 (7.99) C |
| Total Fat Mass, % | 23.68 (8.49) | 22.43 (5.40) | 42.03(4.19) C | 29.23 (4.68) C | 39.90 (5.96) C | 27.49 (6.04) C | 42.10 (4.57) C | 30.70 (4.62) C |
| Total Lean Mass, kg | 39.70 (5.92) | 55.94 (8.06) | 44.17 (4.98) B | 62.04 (8.41) C | 43.40 (7.62) C | 58.78 (8.52) C | 47.57 (6.86) C | 63.23 (8.09) C |
| Clinical Measures | ||||||||
| HOMA – IR | 1.55 (0.56) | 1.52 (0.52) | 1.88 (0.51) C | 1.86 (0.50) C | 3.84 (1.13) C | 3.84 (1.16) C | 4.70 (1.64) C | 4.54 (1.59) C |
| Insulin, fasting, uU/ml | 7.13 (2.52) | 6.68 (2.25) | 8.22 9 (2.23) B | 7.76 (2.23) C | 16.91 (4.94) C | 16.40 (5.09) B | 19.62 (7.15) C | 18.16 (6.45) C |
| Glucose, fasting, mg/dl | 88.10 (6.39) | 91.94 (7.39) | 93.09 (8.57) C | 94.04 (8.44) C | 92.05 (6.34) B | 95.55 (8.25) C | 97.77 (8.46) C | 101.94 (8.85) C |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 82.30 (10.86) | 86.24 (10.31) | 98.48 (7.72) C | 102.76 (10.63) C | 92.38 (14.78) C | 95.51 (12.60) C | 102.47 (10.23) C | 105.61 (10.06) C |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 108.15 (10.65) | 116.01 (11.10) | 122.40 (19.51) B | 124.71 (13.26) C | 110.58 (9.26) B | 117.58 (9.55) B | 118.69 (8.31) C | 125.13 (14.82) B |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 67.15 (9.20) | 68.91 (11.12) | 75.17 (12.93) A | 76.07 (10.60) C | 67.94 (9.25) | 70.86 (11.55) C | 72.81 (10.92) B | 77.51 (12.90) C |
| Triglycerides, fasting, mg/dl | 91.24 (81.48) | 95.92 (50.29) | 172.88 (98.25) B | 208.91 (223.03) B | 99.67 (62.47) | 139.56 (98.37) C | 181.32 (80.31) C | 237.14 (159.18) C |
| HDL-C,fasting, mg/dl | 58.12 (15.04) | 50.75 (12.52) | 48.24 (11.88) C | 42.70 (11.39) A | 51.29 (10.76) C | 45.52 (10.93) C | 42.59 (9.34) C | 38.68 (8.75) C |
| Serum Measures | ||||||||
| Potassium, serum, mmol/L | 4.04 (0.04) | 4.16 (0.01) | 4.05 (0.04) | 4.10 (0.04) | 4.09 (0.03) A | 4.13 (0.02) | 4.10 (0.04) A | 4.11 (0.03) |
| Sodium, serum, mmol/L | 139.13 (0.13) | 139.41 (0.16) | 139.13 (0.34) | 139.19 (0.26) | 139.61 (0.23) | 139.48 (0.19) | 138.59 (0.23) | 139.44 (0.14) |
| Chloride, serum, mmol/L | 103.83 (0.15) | 102.70 (0.18) | 104.97 (0.49) | 103.42 (0.37) | 104.08 (0.28) | 103.09 (0.26 | 104.26 (0.30) | 103.16 (0.25) |
| Osmolality, serum, mOsm/L | 275.51 (0.25) | 277.91 (0.31) | 276.65 (0.66) | 277.59 (0.54) | 275.73 (0.46) | 278.40 (0.37) | 275.50 (0.38) | 278.52 (0.27) |
| BIS Parameters | ||||||||
| CM, nF | 1.48 (0.34) | 2.37 (0.52) | 1.55 (0.24) B | 2.57 (0.51) B | 1.76 (0.26) C | 2.69 (0.49) B | 1.92 (0.36) C | 2.80 (0.53) C |
| RI, ohms | 1576.68 (270.05) | 1118.16 (186.85) | 1381.86 (192.09) C | 1051.58 (191.54) | 1460.58 (275.99) C | 1108.32 (192.46) | 1308.21 (186.06) C | 1108.32 (192.46) C |
| RE, ohms | 720.74 (85.94) | 610.27 (70.19) | 648.60 (66.16) C | 576.63 (68.47) A | 675.70 (96.09) B | 605.51 (71.87) | 634.16 (65.49) C | 605.51 (71.87) C |
| Medication Use | ||||||||
| Dyslipidemia Meds, % | 0.17 | 0.55 | 2.38 | 2.63 | 1.42 | 1.49 | 3.88 | 4.19 |
| Hypertension Meds, % | 0.17 | 0.14 | 4.76 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 1.94 | 1.20 |
| Health Behaviors | ||||||||
| Smoking, % | 28.89 | 38.99 | 47.62 | 43.42 | 17.92 | 32.84 | 36.89 | 47.71 |
| Alcohol Use, % | 53.21 | 64.57 | 64.29 | 81.58 | 34.91 A | 59.33 | 40.78 A | 13.59 A |
Data are given as mean (SD) value or percentage of participants unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: DXA, dual-x-ray-absorptiometry; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; cm, centimeters; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein cholesterol; BIS, bioimpedance spectroscopy; CM, membrane capacitance; RI, resistance of intracellular fluid; RE, resistance of extracellular fluid.
Superscripts denote significance in ANOVA (continuous) or χ2 (categorical) comparisons:
A
p < 0.05
B
p < 0.01
C
p < .0001