Domain	Signalling Questions	Yes	No	Can't tell / not reported / not applicable	Quote or reason for judgement
Selection bias	1. Was the selection of participants either consecutive, or randomly selected from the population?
	2a. Were the eligibility criteria clearly described?
	2b. If yes, were the eligibility criteria similar to the other studies in the review that had a control group?
Lead time bias / immortal time bias	3. Was the time between starting follow‐up for outcomes (recruitment) and starting the intervention of an appropriately short duration?
	4. Was it similar to other studies in the review that had a control group?
Confounding by indication	5. Are those in the study at a similar stage/severity of their disease and have similar prognostic factors to other studies in the review that had a control group?
Misclassification bias / information bias	6. Was dose (or other details) of intervention, both planned and given, clearly described?
	7. Was measurement of outcome made by a reliable and valid method (e.g. objective measure)?
Bias from natural recovery / regression to the mean	8. Were outcome variables measured pre‐intervention (i.e. interrupted time series design with multiple measurements, of before‐after design)?
Bias due to adjunctive therapies	9. Is there adequate reporting of adjunctive therapies both before and during the study period?
Attrition bias	See Cochrane RoB tool
Selective reporting of outcomes	See Cochrane RoB tool