Table 2.

Regression analyses predicting mental health outcomes by types of social disconnectedness in school (each type in separate models) with loneliness as the mediating variable (khb method).

	Total		Direct		Indirect		Mediated %
	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI
Mental well-being (higher values = higher levels of mental well-being)a
Lack of classmate support	−2.59	−2.77, −2.40	−1.51	−1.68, −1.33	−1.08	−1.17, −0.99	41.8
Lack of teacher support	−2.15	−2.29, −2.00	−1.57	−1.71, −1.43	−0.64	−0.64, −0.52	26.9
Lack of class social cohesion	−1.32	−1.43, −1.20	−0.77	−0.89, −0.64	−0.55	−0.61, −0.49	41.8
Not part of the school community	−1.93	−2.16, −1.70	−1.07	−1.29, −0.84	−0.87	−0.99, −0.75	44.9
Depression symptoms (higher values = higher levels of depression)a
Lack of classmate support	0.97	0.89, 1.06	0.48	0.40, 0.56	0.49	0.45, 0.53	50.7
Lack of teacher support	0.75	0.70, 0.80	0.48	0.43, 0.53	0.27	0.24, 0.29	35.6
Lack of class social cohesion	0.51	0.45, 0.56	0.25	0.20, 0.31	0.25	0.23, 0.28	50.3
Not part of the school community	0.65	0.56, 0.74	0.26	0.17, 0.34	0.40	0.34, 0.45	60.7
Anxiety symptoms (higher values = higher levels of anxiety)a
Lack of classmate support	0.98	0.89, 1.07	0.51	0.42, 0.60	0.47	0.43, 0.51	47.9
Lack of teacher support	0.70	0.64, 0.76	0.45	0.39, 0.50	0.25	0.23, 0.28	36.2
Lack of class social cohesion	0.46	0.40, 0.52	0.22	0.16, 0.28	0.24	0.22, 0.27	52.3
Not part of the school community	0.66	0.57, 0.74	0.28	0.20, 0.37	0.37	0.32, 0.42	56.9
Stress (higher values = higher levels of stress)b
Lack of classmate support	0.58	0.52, 0.64	0.32	0.25, 0.38	0.26	0.24, 0.28	45.5
Lack of teacher support	0.51	0.46, 0.54	0.36	0.32, 0.40	0.14	0.13, 0.15	28.0
Lack of class social cohesion	0.35	0.31, 0.39	0.21	0.18, 0.25	0.13	0.12, 0.15	38.4
Not part of the school community	0.34	0.28, 0.41	0.13	0.07, 0.19	0.21	0.18, 0.24	61.2
Sleep problems (higher values = more frequent sleep problems)b
Lack of classmate support	0.50	0.45, 0.55	0.24	0.18, 0.29	0.26	0.24, 0.28	52.4
Lack of teacher support	0.48	0.44, 0.52	0.34	0.30, 0.38	0.14	0.12, 0.15	28.6
Lack of class social cohesion	0.31	0.28, 0.35	0.18	0.14, 0.22	0.13	0.12, 0.15	42.4
Not part of the school community	0.32	0.26, 0.38	0.12	0.05, 0.17	0.21	0.18, 0.24	64.7
Suicidal ideationc
Lack of classmate support	1.18	1.06, 1.30	0.50	0.37, 0.62	0.68	0.62, 0.74	57.8
Lack of teacher support	0.85	0.74, 0.96	0.48	0.37, 0.59	0.36	0.33, 0.40	42.9
Lack of class social cohesion	0.53	0.45, 0.61	0.18	0.09, 0.26	0.35	0.32, 0.38	66.5
Not part of the school community	0.92	0.76, 1.08	0.39	0.24, 0.55	0.53	0.45, 0.60	57.4
Non-suicidal self-injuryc
Lack of classmate support	0.93	0.80, 1.07	0.31	0.16, 0.46	0.62	0.56, 0.68	66.8
Lack of teacher support	0.73	0.62, 0.83	0.40	0.28, 0.51	0.33	0.29, 0.37	45.5
Lack of class social cohesion	0.39	0.26, 0.51	0.06	−0.06, 0.19	0.32	0.29, 0.35	83.3
Not part of the school community	0.71	0.54, 0.89	0.23	0.05, 0.41	0.48	0.41, 0.56	68.0
Eating disorderc
Lack of classmate support	0.79	0.60, 0.99	0.38	0.19, 0.56	0.42	0.36, 0.47	52.3
Lack of teacher support	0.58	0.40, 0.76	0.35	0.17, 0.54	0.23	0.19, 0.26	39.2
Lack of class social cohesion	0.34	0.16, 0.51	0.11	−0.07, 0.29	0.23	0.19, 0.26	67.1
Not part of the school community	0.50	0.21, 0.79	0.17	−0.13, 0.47	0.33	0.27, 0.39	66.7
Body dissatisfaction (higher values = higher levels of body dissatisfaction)a
Lack of classmate support	0.82	0.72, 0.91	0.37	0.28, 0.46	0.45	0.41, 0.49	54.7
Lack of teacher support	0.62	0.56, 0.68	0.38	0.32, 0.45	0.24	0.21, 0.26	38.3
Lack of class social cohesion	0.48	0.43, 0.53	0.25	0.20, 0.31	0.23	0.20, 0.25	47.1
Not part of the school community	0.54	0.41, 0.66	0.19	0.06, 0.31	0.35	0.30, 0.41	65.7
Self-esteem (higher values = lower self-esteem)b
Lack of classmate support	0.65	0.59, 0.70	0.27	0.21, 0.32	0.38	0.35, 0.41	58.8
Lack of teacher support	0.46	0.42, 0.50	0.26	0.22, 0.30	0.20	0.18, 0.22	43.7
Lack of class social cohesion	0.34	0.31, 0.37	0.15	0.11, 0.18	0.19	0.17, 0.21	56.7
Not part of the school community	0.49	0.42, 0.56	0.19	0.12, 0.27	0.29	0.25, 0.34	60.4

Note on the khb method: The total effect is the association between the predictor and outcome (not adjusted for the mediator), the direct effect is the association between the predictor and outcome (adjusted for the mediator), and the indirect effect is the difference between the two. The mediated percentage is the proportion of the total effect that can be explained by the mediator (indirect effect/total effect).

Coef, coefficient; CI, confidence interval. All models took into account clustering within school settings and adjusted for age, gender, migration background, parental education, parental occupation, parental income, and type of school.

^aLinear regression.

^bOrdinal (oprobit) regression.

^cLogit model.