Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies: country, setting and population
| Author (year) | Country (population) | Settinga | Cases and controls | Biomarkers | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (N) | Controls (N) | Type (N) | ||||||||||||||
| Hosp | Other | CRC | A/P | All | HC | NM | A/P | miRNA | Autoab | DNA | Protein | Metab | ctDNA | Otherb | ||
| Ahlquist et al. (2012) [23] | USA, Canada, Denmark | – | X | 82 | 0 | 960 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 4 |
| Amiot et al. (2014) [24] | France | – | X | 66 | 0 | 123 | 123 | 0 | 34 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Bagaria et al. (2013) [25] | India | X | – | 50 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Broll et al. (2001) [26] | Germany | U | U | 122 | 0 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Bunger et al. (2012) [27] | Germany | – | X | 83 | 60 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Calistri et al. (2009) [28] | Italy | X | – | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cao et al. (2019a) [29] | China | X | U | 62 | 0 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Cao et al. (2019b) [30] | China | X | – | 118 | 0 | 85 | 85 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 2 | 1 | – | – |
| Chan et al. (2010) [31] | Taiwan, China | X | – | 94 | 0 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | – | 5 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Chang et al. (2016) [32] | Taiwan, China | U | U | 229 | 0 | 368 | 368 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chang et al. (2011) [33] | China | X | – | 60 | 60 | 57 | 57 | 0 | 0 | – | 5 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Chang et al. (2014) [34] | Taiwan, China | U | U | 56 | 0 | 120 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chao et al. (2013) [35] | Canada, USA | X | X | 316 | 0 | 328 | 328 | 0 | 0 | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chen et al. (2019) [36] | China | X | – | 111 | 0 | 114 | 114 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Choi et al. (2018) [37] | Korea | U | U | 69 | 0 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11 |
| Church et al. (2014) [38] | USA, Germany | – | X | 53 | 0 | 1457 | 934 | 0 | 523 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Ciarloni et al. (2016) [39] | Switzerland, South Korea | X | – | 52 | 0 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 27 | – | – | 4 | – | – | – |
| DeVos et al. (2009) [40] | Germany, USA | U | U | 90 | 0 | 155 | 155 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Duran-Sanchon et al. (2019) [41] | Spain | – | X | 67 | 0 | 353 | 217 | 0 | 483 | 9 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Duvillard et al. (2014) [42] | France | X | – | 224 | 0 | 252 | 0 | 252 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Fan et al. (2017) [43] | Taiwan, China | U | U | 92 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | – | 4 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Fernandes et al. (2005) [44] | Brazil | X | – | 169 | 169 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Flamini et al. (2006) [45] | Italy | X | – | 75 | 57 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Fouad et al. (2017) [46] | Egypt | U | U | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fu et al. (2018) [47] | China | X | – | 98 | 0 | 329 | 253 | 76 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Fung et al. (2015) [48] | Australia | X | – | 98 | 0 | 99 | 0 | 99 | 0 | – | – | – | 7 | – | – | – |
| Gao et al. (2018) [49] | China | X | – | 279 | 104 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – |
| Groblewska et al. (2010) [50] | Poland | X | U | 91 | 0 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | – |
| Grutzmann et al. (2008) [51] | Germany | U | U | 127 | 0 | 369 | 184 | 149 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Guo et al. (2018) [52] | China | X | – | 107 | 0 | 218 | 120 | 0 | 98 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Han et al. (2019) [53] | South Korea | X | – | 245 | 199 | 245 | 245 | 245 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Hao et al. (2018) [54] | China | U | U | 186 | 0 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hata et al. (2017) [55] | Japan | X | X | 225 | 0 | 916 | 916 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Haug et al. (2007) [56] | Germany | – | X | 65 | 0 | 917 | 917 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| He et al. (2010) [57] | China | X | – | 182 | 0 | 170 | 170 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Herreros-Villanueva et al. (2019) [58] | Spain | X | – | 96 | 78 | 101 | 100 | 1 | 0 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Imaoka et al. (2016) [59] | Japan | X | – | 211 | 0 | 57 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Imperiale et al. (2014) [60] | USA, Canada | X | – | 65 | 0 | 9167 | 6274 | 0 | 2893 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Jaberie et al. (2019) [61] | Iran | X | U | 113 | 242 | 51 | 50 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Jensen et al. (2018) [62] | Denmark | X | – | 143 | 0 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – |
| Jin et al. (2015) [63] | China | X | – | 135 | 0 | 341 | 91 | 0 | 250 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Johnson et al. (2014) [64] | USA | U | U | 101 | 0 | 171 | 94 | 0 | 77 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
| Jones et al. (2016) [65] | USA | U | U | 68 | 0 | 68 | 68 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 12 | – | – | – |
| Karam et al. (2018) [66] | Egypt | X | U | 65 | 0 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Karl et al. (2008) [67] | Germany | X | – | 186 | 0 | 252 | 252 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | – |
| Kim et al. (2017) [68] | Korea | X | – | 166 | 60 | 336 | 120 | 81 | 135 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Kim et al. (2015) [69] | Korea | X | – | 139 | 0 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Koga et al. (2013) [70] | Japan | X | – | 117 | 0 | 107 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Lee et al. (2013a) [71] | Korea | X | – | 101 | 0 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Lee et al. (2013b) [72] | Korea | X | U | 132 | 0 | 228 | 124 | 67 | 37 | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – |
| Li et al. (2019a) [73] | China | X | – | 147 | 0 | 147 | 147 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Li et al. (2019b) [74] | China | X | – | 62 | 60 | 155 | 155 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Li et al. (2012) [75] | China | X | – | 70 | 0 | 141 | 141 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Liu et al. (2013) [76] | China | X | U | 200 | 0 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Liu et al. (2016) [77] | China | X | – | 148 | 0 | 320 | 80 | 80 | 160 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Liu et al. (2018a) [78] | China | X | – | 130 | 0 | 140 | 90 | 0 | 50 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Liu et al. (2018b) [79] | China | X | – | 50 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lumachi et al. (2012) [80] | Italy | U | U | 102 | 0 | 99 | 0 | 99 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 4 | – | – | – |
| Luo et al. (2019) [81] | China | X | – | 57 | 0 | 192 | 192 | 0 | 0 | 12 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Marcuello et al. (2019) [82] | Spain | – | X | 59 | 0 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Marshall et al. (2010) [83] | Canada, USA | X | – | 202 | 0 | 208 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Matsubara et al. (2011) [84] | Japan | X | – | 101 | 0 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Matsushita et al. (2005) [85] | Japan | X | – | 116 | 169 | 83 | 83 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Melotte et al. (2015) [86] | Germany | X | – | 66 | 57 | 240 | 240 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Meng et al. (2012) [87] | China | – | X | 93 | 0 | 158 | 158 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Min et al. (2019) [88] | China | X | – | 58 | 0 | 76 | 0 | 69 | 7 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mizuno et al. (2003) [89] | Japan | X | – | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mroczko et al. (2010) [90] | Poland | X | – | 75 | 104 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | – |
| Mroczko et al. (2006) [91] | Poland | X | – | 76 | 0 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – |
| Mulder et al. (2007) [92] | Netherlands | X | – | 52 | 0 | 63 | 63 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Murakoshi et al. (2011) [93] | Japan | X | – | 115 | 0 | 230 | 230 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Murata et al. (2012) [94] | Japan | X | – | 252 | 199 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 9 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ng et al. (2017) [95] | Hong Kong | X | – | 117 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Nielsen et al. (2011) [96] | Denmark | X | – | 294 | 0 | 4202 | 2173 | 1176 | 843 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Ning et al. (2018) [97] | China | X | U | 513 | 0 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | – |
| Nishiumi et al. (2012) [98] | Japan | X | – | 59 | 0 | 63 | 63 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | 27 | – | – |
| Niu et al. (2012) [99] | China | X | – | 119 | 78 | 397 | 300 | 97 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Ørntoft et al. (2015) [100] | Denmark | – | X | 128 | 0 | 150 | 150 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Palmqvist et al. (2003) [101] | Sweden | – | X | 124 | 0 | 243 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | |
| Pedersen et al. (2013) [102] | England, Wales, Northern Ireland | – | X | 97 | 242 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 18 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pedersen et al. (2015) [103] | Australia, Netherlands | X | – | 129 | 0 | 1288 | 450 | 542 | 296 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Peng et al. (2017) [104] | China | X | U | 559 | 0 | 559 | 559 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 2 |
| Pengjun et al. (2013) [105] | China | X | – | 149 | 0 | 69 | 69 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | – |
| Qian et al. (2018) [106] | Germany | X | – | 212 | 0 | 106 | 106 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | – |
| Qu et al. (2019) [107] | China | X | – | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ren et al. (2016) [108] | China | X | – | 422 | 0 | 1019 | 747 | 272 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Rho et al. (2018) [109] | Japan | X | – | 514 | 60 | 386 | 168 | 59 | 159 | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | – |
| Ritchie et al. (2010) [110] | USA, Japan | – | X | 70 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – |
| Ritchie et al. (2013) [111] | Canada | X | X | 98 | 0 | 964 | 0 | 964 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Ruffin et al. (2010) [112] | USA | U | U | 69 | 137 | 93 | 70 | 23 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – |
| Schneider et al. (2005) [113] | Germany | U | U | 247 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – |
| Shastri et al. (2008) [114] | Germany | U | U | 55 | 69 | 516 | 498 | 18 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Shastri et al. (2006) [115] | Germany | U | U | 74 | 0 | 128 | 117 | 11 | 60 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Shi et al. (2019) [116] | China | X | – | 211 | 0 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 103 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | 1 |
| Sithambaram et al. (2015) [117] | Malaysia | U | U | 100 | 0 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Song et al. (2017a) [118] | China | X | – | 85 | 0 | 324 | 324 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Song et al. (2018a) [119] | Germany | X | – | 465 | 0 | 882 | 610 | 0 | 272 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Song et al. (2017b) [120] | China | X | – | 388 | 0 | 837 | 590 | 0 | 247 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Song et al. (2018b) [121] | China | X | – | 783 | 0 | 794 | 331 | 0 | 463 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | 1 |
| Stojkovic Lalosevic et al. (2019) [122] | Serbia | – | X | 300 | 0 | 300 | 300 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Sun et al. (2019a) [123] | China | X | – | 133 | 0 | 587 | 494 | 11 | 82 | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | 1 |
| Sun et al. (2019b) [124] | China | U | U | 105 | 0 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 3 |
| Swellam et al. (2016) [125] | Egypt | U | U | 162 | 0 | 57 | 57 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | |
| Symonds et al. (2016) [126] | Australia | X | – | 66 | 169 | 246 | 246 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Tagore et al. (2003) [127] | USA | – | X | 52 | 57 | 212 | 113 | 0 | 99 | – | – | 23 | – | – | – | – |
| Taguchi et al. (2015) [128] | USA | U | U | 60 | 0 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 10 | – | – | – |
| Tang et al. (2011) [129] | China | X | – | 169 | 0 | 139 | 30 | 0 | 109 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Tibble et al. (2001) [130] | UK | U | U | 62 | 0 | 233 | 0 | 233 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Toiyama et al. (2013) [131] | Japan | X | – | 200 | 104 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tomasevic et al. (2016) [132] | Serbia | X | – | 181 | 0 | 191 | 0 | 191 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Toth et al. (2012) [133] | Hungary | U | U | 92 | 0 | 92 | 92 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
| Uchiyama et al. (2018) [134] | Japan | X | – | 56 | 0 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | – |
| Vychytilova-Faltejskova et al. (2016) [135] | Czech Republic | – | X | 203 | 199 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vychytilova-Faltejskova et al. (2018) [136] | Czech Republic | – | X | 179 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Wang et al. (2018) [137] | China | U | U | 96 | 0 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Wang et al. (2017a) [138] | China | X | – | 91 | 0 | 91 | 91 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 10 | – | – | – |
| Wang et al. (2014) [139] | China | X | U | 113 | 0 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 6 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Wang et al. (2007) [140] | Taiwan | X | U | 157 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Wang et al. (2017b) [141] | China | X | – | 60 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Wang et al. (2016) [142] | China | X | – | 120 | 0 | 120 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 4 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Warren et al. (2011) [143] | USA and Russia | X | X | 50 | 242 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Wilhelmsen et al. (2017) [144] | Denmark | X | – | 512 | 0 | 3320 | 1978 | 1342 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 6 | 1 | – | – |
| Wu et al. (2014) [145] | Hong Kong, China | X | – | 104 | 0 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Wu et al. (2012) [146] | Hong Kong | X | – | 88 | 0 | 101 | 101 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Wu et al. (2017) [147] | China | X | – | 135 | 0 | 140 | 140 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Wu et al. (2015) [148] | China | – | X | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
| Wu et al. (2016) [149] | China | X | – | 291 | 0 | 295 | 295 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | 1 |
| Xie et al. (2017) [150] | China | X | – | 132 | 60 | 107 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Xie et al. (2018) [151] | China | X | – | 123 | 0 | 125 | 19 | 106 | 0 | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | 1 |
| Xu et al. (2013) [152] | China | X | X | 87 | 0 | 73 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 1 | – | – | – |
| Yang et al. (2018) [153] | China | U | U | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – |
| Yau et al. (2016) [154] | Hong Kong | U | U | 198 | 0 | 198 | 198 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yuan et al. (2016) [155] | China | X | – | 187 | 0 | 109 | 109 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | 1 |
| Zhang et al. (2015a) [156] | China | X | – | 138 | 60 | 111 | 0 | 46 | 65 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| Zhang et al. (2016) [157] | China | X | – | 80 | 0 | 171 | 116 | 55 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 6 | – | – |
| Zhang et al. (2015b) [158] | Japan | U | U | 130 | 0 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Zhao et al. (2019a) [159] | China | X | – | 117 | 0 | 166 | 166 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Zhao et al. (2019b) [160] | China | X | – | 358 | 0 | 286 | 286 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Zheng et al. (2014) [161] | China | X | – | 117 | 0 | 175 | 102 | 0 | 73 | 4 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Zhou et al. (2017) [162] | China | X | – | 242 | 0 | 262 | 262 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Zhu et al. (2013) [163] | China | X | U | 269 | 0 | 110 | 110 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | – |
| Zhu et al. (2015) [164] | China | X | – | 70 | 0 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
autoab autoantibodies and other immunological markers, ctDNA circulating tumour DNA, HC healthy control, Hosp hospital, Ind individual, NM non-malignant, A/P adenomas/polyps, U unclear, UK United Kingdom, USA United States of America
aDue to wide variations in health systems across different countries, hospital setting is a broad definition than can encompass secondary and tertiary care. Other setting refers to biobanks, reference sets, databases or archived samples; general population cohorts or cohorts from population screening programmes; or cohorts from previous trials or observational studies
bOther biomarker type refers to methylation markers, platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells and colonocytes