Table 1.

Ethnopharmacological relevance of the selected antidiabetic plants.

Herbs/plants	Botanical name	Synonyms	Part used	Ethnopharmacological relevance
Aloe	Aloe vera	Aloe barbadensis/chinensis/ elongate/indica Royle, Aloe	Leaves, dried sap (fluid), gel	Central and south America and Mexican communities, central Uganda[46]
American ginseng	Panax quinquefolius	Panax quinquefolius, Panacis quinquefolius, ginseng	Roots	different parts of the world[47] and Quebec[48]
Bilberry	Vaccinium myrtillus	Myrtillus niger and sylvaticus, Vaccinium oreophilum	Fresh fruit	America and Europe,[49] Canada[48]
Cinnamon	Cinnamomum aromaticum; Cinnamomum cassia	Cinnamomum aromaticum/ longifolium/medium, cinnamon	Bark, leaf	[50,51]
Fenugreek	Trigonella foenum-graecum	Foenum-graecum officinale, Trigonella tibetana (Alef.)	Seeds	Iran[52–54]
Garlic	Allium sativum	Allium controversum Schrad, Allium longicuspis Regel	Bulb, leaves	[55–58]
Gymnema	Gymnema sylvestre	gurmarbooti, gurmar, periploca	Dried roots and leaves	India and Africa,[59] India, America[47] and Canada[48]
Jambolan seeds	Syzygium cumini; Syzygium cumini jambolana	Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia/ cumin/cuminodora/ jambolana	Fruit, leaves, dried seed and bark	India,[60,61] Khulna, Bangladesh[62]
Bitter melon	Momordica charantia	karela, bitter gourd	Fruit, leaf and whole plant	Dhaka, Bangladesh,[63] Indian Jodhpur and Rajasthan communities[64]
Maitake	Grifola frondosa	Maitake mushroom	Fruits	Asia,[65] China[66]
Neem	Azadirachta indica	Neem, neem tree or Indian lilac	Seeds/leaves/bark	India[67–69]
Nopal	Opuntia fuliginosa/ streptacantha	Prickly pear cactus, nopal	Flowers, fruits	Morocco,[70] Latinos and Hispanics[71]
Onion	Allium cepa	Allium angolense/aobanum/cepaeum	Leaves, bulb, oil and seeds	Tamilnadu, India,[69] Palestine[72]
Psyllium	Plantago ovata	plantago seeds, psyllium husk	Seeds, husk	Mexico[73,74]
Siberian Ginseng	Eleutherococcus senticosus; Acanthopanax senticosus	Acanthopanax asperatus, Eleutherococcus asperatus	Bark, roots	[75,76]
Turmeric	Curcuma longa/ domestica; Curcuma aromatica	Amomum curcuma Jacq, Curcuma domestica Valeton, curcumin	Whole plant, fresh rhizome	[67], India[77]