Bradshaw 1993.

Methods	Allocation: randomised (no further details). Blinding: not stated. Duration: 6 months treatment, with an additional follow up at 1 year. Setting: day hospital in San Diego, USA.
Participants	Diagnosis: schizophrenia (DSM‐III‐R). N=16. Age: mean ˜ 30 years. Sex: 7M, 9F. History: mean number of hospitalisations in the previous two years ˜5, receiving neuroleptic medication, living independently. Exclusions: not stated.
Interventions	1. Problem solving: weekly group sessions with a trained therapist; sessions designed to help tackle daily living problems and involved four steps i. identification of a 'daily living' problem, ii. brainstorming possible solutions, iii. choosing a course of action, and iv. implementing and monitoring plan. N=8. 2. Coping skills: weekly group sessions with a trained therapists; training consisted of four modules, aiming to help manage stressors such as anxiety by i. managing physiological arousal, ii. practicing time management, iii. using cognitive restructuring as a technique for coping with negative or unusual thoughts, and iv. teaching and practicing of social skills. N=8.
Outcomes	Service utilisation: number of hospitalisations. Leaving the study early. Unable to use ‐ Goal state: GAS (no SD). Service utilisation: mean number of days in hospital (no SD).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear